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Neuroendocrine Tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors are growths that arise from hormone-producing cells, most often in the gut, pancreas, or lungs, and many grow slowly. Octreotide, lanreotide, and lutetium-177 dotatate have the strongest evidence, and large trials found tumors took longer to progress, with the risk of progression or death falling by 79% in one lutetium study. Much of this work involved advanced midgut tumors, so results may not apply to every type.

Sources: PMID 34793718; PMID 19704057

Supplements studied
0
Medicines and peptides
3
Graded outcomes
12
No supplement studies yetWe haven’t found supplement studies for Neuroendocrine Tumors. The medicines and peptides studied for it are listed below.

Prescription medicines and peptides studied, for context

These are not supplements. Most need a prescription, and some are research compounds with no approved use.

3 medicines and peptides

Lanreotide (Somatuline)

Lanreotide (Somatuline): outcomes studied for Neuroendocrine Tumors
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Tumor Stabilization (NETs)

Stable disease rates of 15-89% in clinical trials. Phase II studies show significant antitumor effects with disease control in majority of patients.

Improves (the measure goes up)Large effect25 studies

Studies that measured tumor stabilization (nets)

and 22 more on the Lanreotide (Somatuline) page

Progression-Free Survival (NETs)

CLARINET trial: 53% reduction in disease progression risk (HR 0.47, P<0.001). 65.1% vs 33.0% PFS at 24 months. Median PFS not reached vs 18 months placebo.

Improves (the measure goes up)Large effect24 studies

Studies that measured progression-free survival (nets)

and 21 more on the Lanreotide (Somatuline) page

Carcinoid Syndrome Symptoms

FDA-approved for symptomatic control of flushing and diarrhea associated with carcinoid syndrome. Significant QOL improvement in symptomatic patients.

Improves (the measure goes down)Large effect22 studies

Studies that measured carcinoid syndrome symptoms

and 19 more on the Lanreotide (Somatuline) page

VIPoma Symptoms

Effective for controlling watery diarrhea and electrolyte disturbances in VIP-secreting tumors.

Improves (the measure goes down)Large effect22 studies

Studies that measured vipoma symptoms

and 19 more on the Lanreotide (Somatuline) page

Octreotide (Sandostatin)

Octreotide (Sandostatin): outcomes studied for Neuroendocrine Tumors
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Tumor Progression (NETs)

PROMID trial showed median time to tumor progression of 14.3 months vs 6 months placebo (HR 0.34, P<0.001) in metastatic midgut NETs.

Improves (the measure goes down)Large effect16 studies

Studies that measured tumor progression (nets)

and 13 more on the Octreotide (Sandostatin) page

Carcinoid Syndrome Symptoms

Over 70% of patients achieve significant improvement or resolution of diarrhea and flushing with octreotide LAR treatment.

Improves (the measure goes down)Large effect16 studies

Studies that measured carcinoid syndrome symptoms

and 13 more on the Octreotide (Sandostatin) page

VIPoma Diarrhea

FDA-approved for watery diarrhea associated with VIP-secreting tumors, with significant symptom improvement.

Improves (the measure goes down)Large effect16 studies

Studies that measured vipoma diarrhea

and 13 more on the Octreotide (Sandostatin) page

Survival (NETs)

Retrospective data suggest improved 5-year survival (67% vs 18% historical controls) in advanced GEP-NETs treated with octreotide.

Improves (the measure goes up)Moderate effect16 studies

Studies that measured survival (nets)

and 13 more on the Octreotide (Sandostatin) page

Lutetium-177 Dotatate (Lutathera)

  • Progression-Free Survival: improves
  • Objective Response Rate: improves
  • Quality of Life: improves
Lutetium-177 Dotatate (Lutathera): outcomes studied for Neuroendocrine Tumors
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Progression-Free Survival

NETTER-1: 65.2% PFS rate at month 20 vs 10.8% control. 79% reduction in progression/death risk. Median PFS not reached vs ~8 months control. Doubled median PFS from 9 to 23 months in GEP-NETs.

Improves (the measure goes up)Large effect16 studies

Studies that measured progression-free survival

and 13 more on the Lutetium-177 Dotatate (Lutathera) page

Objective Response Rate

NETTER-1: Significantly higher ORR with 177Lu-DOTATATE vs control. 16% ORR including complete responses in ERASMUS study subset. Tumor shrinkage correlates with improved outcomes.

Improves (the measure goes up)Large effect14 studies

Studies that measured objective response rate

and 11 more on the Lutetium-177 Dotatate (Lutathera) page

Quality of Life

Time to QoL deterioration: 28.8 months vs 6.1 months (global health). Physical functioning: 25.2 months vs 11.5 months. Clinically significant improvements maintained long-term.

Improves (the measure goes up)Large effect14 studies

Studies that measured quality of life

and 11 more on the Lutetium-177 Dotatate (Lutathera) page

Overall Survival

No effect

2 studies

Studies that measured overall survival

Key findings

  • Tumor Stabilization (NETs)Lanreotide (Somatuline)Improves (the measure goes up)
  • Progression-Free Survival (NETs)Lanreotide (Somatuline)Improves (the measure goes up)
  • Carcinoid Syndrome SymptomsLanreotide (Somatuline)Improves (the measure goes down)

Safety notes in the studies

  • CLARINET trial: 53% reduction in disease progression risk (HR 0.47, P<0.001).
  • 79% reduction in progression/death risk.

Studies cited

58 studies from PubMed

  1. Relationship Between Best Tumor Shrinkage and Progression-Free Survival and Overall Survival in Patients With Progressive Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors Treated With [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE: Ad Hoc Analysis of the Phase III NETTER-1 TrialOncologist, 2025 · PMID 40272146
  2. Dosimetry of [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE in Patients with Advanced Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors: Results from a Substudy of the Phase III NETTER-1 TrialEur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2025 · PMID 39947918
  3. Somatostatin Versus Octreotide for Prevention of Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula: The PREFIPS Randomized Clinical Trial: A FRENCH 007-ACHBT Study.Annals of surgery, 2024 · PMID 38662619
  4. Pheochromocytoma: an updated scoping review from clinical presentation to management and treatment.Frontiers in endocrinology, 2024 · PMID 39735644
  5. 177Lu-labeled somatostatin receptor targeted radionuclide therapy dosimetry in meningioma: a systematic review.The quarterly journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging : official publication of the Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine (AIMN) [and] the International Association of Radiopharmacology (IAR), [and] Section of the Society of..., 2024 · PMID 39026463
  6. Octreotide Subcutaneous Depot for Acromegaly: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase 3 Trial, ACROINNOVA 1J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2024 · PMID 39378125
  7. A Review of Theranostics: Perspectives on Emerging Approaches and Clinical Advancements.Radiology. Imaging cancer, 2023 · PMID 37477566
  8. Comprehensive Assessment of Somatostatin Receptors in Various Neoplasms: A Systematic Review.Pharmaceutics, 2022 · PMID 35890290
  9. Lutetium-177 DOTATATE: A Practical Review.Practical radiation oncology, 2022 · PMID 35717045
  10. Oral Octreotide: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials and Practical Recommendations for Its Use in the Treatment of Patients With AcromegalyPituitary, 2022 · PMID 35452815
  11. The use of high dose octreotide in management of neonatal chylothorax: Review.Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine, 2021 · PMID 33843702
  12. 177Lu-Dotatate plus long-acting octreotide versus high-dose long-acting octreotide in patients with midgut neuroendocrine tumours (NETTER-1): final overall survival and long-term safety results from an open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trialLancet Oncol, 2021 · PMID 34793718
  13. ANNIVERSARY REVIEW: Octreotide, 40 years later.European journal of endocrinology, 2019 · PMID 31398712
  14. Health-Related Quality of Life for Long-Acting Octreotide versus Placebo in Patients with Metastatic Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors in the Phase 3 PROMID TrialNeuroendocrinology, 2019 · PMID 30852564
  15. Octreotide SC depot in patients with acromegaly and functioning neuroendocrine tumors: a phase 2, multicenter studyCancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2019 · PMID 30535537
  16. 177Lu-DOTATATE for the treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumorsExpert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019 · PMID 31652074
  17. Lutathera®: The First FDA- and EMA-Approved Radiopharmaceutical for Peptide Receptor Radionuclide TherapyPharmaceuticals (Basel), 2019 · PMID 31362406
  18. Everolimus, lutetium-177 DOTATATE and sunitinib for advanced, unresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumours with disease progression: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2018 · PMID 30209002
  19. LANREOTIDE THERAPY IN CARCINOID SYNDROME: PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF PATIENT-REPORTED SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS RESPONSIVE TO PRIOR OCTREOTIDE THERAPY AND PATIENTS NAÏVE TO SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE THERAPY IN THE ELECT PHASE 3 STUDY.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 2018 · PMID 29547049
  20. Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Progressive Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors Treated With 177Lu-Dotatate in the Phase III NETTER-1 TrialJ Clin Oncol, 2018 · PMID 29878866
  21. Biochemical efficacy of long-acting lanreotide depot/Autogel in patients with acromegaly naïve to somatostatin-receptor ligands: analysis of three multicenter clinical trialsPituitary, 2018 · PMID 29357081
  22. The Antiproliferative Role of Lanreotide in Controlling Growth of Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Systematic Review.The oncologist, 2017 · PMID 28220021
  23. Phase 3 Trial of 177Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine TumorsN Engl J Med, 2017 · PMID 28076709
  24. Octreotide - A Review of its Use in Treating Neuroendocrine TumoursEur Oncol Haematol, 2016 · PMID 29872467
  25. Safety and efficacy of oral octreotide in acromegaly: results of a multicenter phase III trialJ Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015 · PMID 25664604
  26. Acromegaly clinical trial methodology impact on reported biochemical efficacy rates of somatostatin receptor ligand treatments: a meta-analysisJ Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2014 · PMID 24606084
  27. Tumor shrinkage with lanreotide Autogel 120 mg as primary therapy in acromegaly: results of a prospective multicenter clinical trialJ Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2014 · PMID 24423301
  28. Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumorsN Engl J Med, 2014 · PMID 25014687
  29. Octreotide for primary moderate to severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis.Hepato-gastroenterology, 2013 · PMID 24298575
  30. Rapid and sustained reduction of serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with acromegaly receiving lanreotide Autogel therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study with a 52 week open extensionPituitary, 2010 · PMID 19639415
  31. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID Study GroupJ Clin Oncol, 2009 · PMID 19704057
  32. Efficacy of long-term lanreotide treatment in patients with acromegalyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009 · PMID 19266287
  33. Efficacy of the new long-acting formulation of lanreotide (lanreotide Autogel) in somatostatin analogue-naive patients with acromegalyJ Endocrinol Invest, 2009 · PMID 19542735
  34. Effectiveness and tolerability of 3-year lanreotide Autogel treatment in patients with acromegalyClin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2006 · PMID 16430722
  35. Intravenous octreotide test predicts the long term outcome of treatment with octreotide-long-acting repeatable in active acromegalyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005 · PMID 15935982
  36. Improvement of left ventricular hypertrophy and arrhythmias after lanreotide-induced GH and IGF-I decrease in acromegaly. A prospective multi-center studyJ Endocrinol Invest, 2002 · PMID 12553557
  37. GH/IGF-I normalization and tumor shrinkage during long-term treatment of acromegaly by lanreotideJ Endocrinol Invest, 2001 · PMID 11383906
  38. Slow-release lanreotide in the treatment of acromegaly: a study in 66 patientsJ Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2000 · PMID 11078980
  39. Efficacy and safety of prolonged-release lanreotide in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors and hormone-related symptomsJ Clin Oncol, 1999 · PMID 10561168
  40. The antitumoral effect of the long-acting somatostatin analog lanreotide in neuroendocrine tumorsActa Oncol, 1999 · PMID 11095353
  41. Clinical efficacy of octreotide in the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. A study by the Italian Trials in Medical Oncology GroupCancer, 1996 · PMID 8625251
  42. Octreotide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in conditions associated with excessive peptide secretion.Drugs, 1989 · PMID 2689136
  43. Debut of a somatostatin analog: octreotide in review.Connecticut medicine, 1989 · PMID 2558839
  44. Prevention and Treatment of Oral Mucositis in Pediatric Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.In Vivo · PMID 38688628
  45. Clinical applicability of natural products for prevention and treatment of oral mucositis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Oral Investig · PMID 33409696
  46. Efficacy of oral and topical antioxidants in the prevention and management of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analyses.Support Care Cancer · PMID 35680672
  47. Role of honey in preventing radiation-induced oral mucositis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Food Funct · PMID 33900311
  48. Impact of honey on radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Ann Palliat Med · PMID 32692203
  49. Effectiveness of honey on radiation-induced oral mucositis, time to mucositis, weight loss, and treatment interruptions among patients with head and neck malignancies: A meta-analysis and systematic review of literature.Head Neck · PMID 27028991
  50. Effects of honey use on the management of radio/chemotherapy-induced mucositis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg · PMID 27600797
  51. Effects of 9 oral care solutions on the prevention of oral mucositis: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Medicine · PMID 32311938
  52. Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of honey on radiochemotherapy-induced mucositis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Support Care Cancer · PMID 30919153
  53. Topical application of honey in the management of chemo/radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Int J Nurs Stud · PMID 30352321
  54. The effect of zinc sulfate in the prevention of high-dose chemotherapy-induced mucositis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studyHematol Oncol · PMID 21692101
  55. Evaluation of the safety of Sanyak (Dioscoreae rhizoma) pharmacopuncture according to the extraction method: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.J Acupunct Meridian Stud · PMID 23433054
  56. Efficacy of different pharmaceutical forms of Curcuma longa or curcumin in reducing oral mucositis severity and incidence in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Pharmacol · PMID 40242451
  57. Regional cerebral blood flow after marijuana smokingJ Cereb Blood Flow Metab · PMID 1324250
  58. Explorative Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Intervention Study with Low Doses of Inhaled Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Reveals No Effect on Sweet Taste Intensity Perception and Liking in HumansCannabis Cannabinoid Res · PMID 28861511