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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, especially CD4 T cells, though antiretroviral therapy has made it a manageable long-term condition. Research has looked mostly at multivitamin-multimineral formulas, where the evidence is strong, and selenium, where it is moderate, because deficiencies are common in HIV. In one small trial of people whose CD4 counts had responded poorly, adding bovine colostrum to therapy meant CD4 counts went up. Most other findings come from small studies.

Sources: PMID 21930607

Supplements studied
14
Graded outcomes
13
Trials
20
People studied
1,059

Evidence by supplement

  • Strong
  • Moderate
  • Limited
  • Very limited

14 supplements

Colostrum

Colostrum: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
CD4 Lymphocytes

Small Increase

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect1 study200 people

Studies that measured cd4 lymphocytes

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)5 studies121 people

Studies that measured weight

and 2 more on the Colostrum page

Diarrhea SymptomsImproves (the measure goes down)3 studies188 people

Studies that measured diarrhea symptoms

HemoglobinImproves (the measure goes up)1 study30 people

Studies that measured hemoglobin

Fatigue SymptomsImproves (the measure goes down)127 people
Fecal WeightImproves (the measure goes down)24 people
HIV Viral LoadImproves (the measure goes up)73 people

Chromium

Chromium: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Blood glucose

Small Improvement

Improves (the measure goes down)Small effect6 studies46 people

Studies that measured blood glucose

and 3 more on the Chromium page

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)12 studies46 people

Studies that measured weight

and 9 more on the Chromium page

Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)9 studies54 people

Studies that measured glycemic control

and 6 more on the Chromium page

HbA1cImproves (the measure goes down)4 studies46 people

Studies that measured hba1c

and 1 more on the Chromium page

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)1 study46 people

Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl)

Total cholesterolImproves (the measure goes down)1 study46 people
Body FatImproves (the measure goes down)46 people
CD4 LymphocytesImproves (the measure goes up)8 people
HIV Viral LoadImproves (the measure goes up)8 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)46 people

Cannabis

  • Analgesic Use: improves
  • Ghrelin: improves
  • Leptin: improves
Cannabis: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Analgesic Use

Small Decrease

Improves (the measure goes down)Small effect4 studies34 people

Studies that measured analgesic use

and 1 more on the Cannabis page

GhrelinImproves (the measure goes up)2 studies7 people

Studies that measured ghrelin

LeptinImproves (the measure goes up)1 study7 people

Studies that measured leptin

Lymphocyte CountImproves (the measure goes up)1 study62 people

Studies that measured lymphocyte count

B Cell CountImproves (the measure goes up)62 people
CD4 LymphocytesImproves (the measure goes up)62 people
CD8 LymphocytesImproves (the measure goes up)62 people
Natural Killer Cell ActivityImproves (the measure goes up)62 people
Natural Killer Cell ContentImproves (the measure goes up)62 people
Peptide YY (PYY)Improves (the measure goes up)7 people

Spirulina

  • Glycemic Control: improves
  • Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC): improves
  • Superoxide Dismutase Activity: improves
Spirulina: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Glycemic Control

Small Improvement

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect1 study33 people

Studies that measured glycemic control

Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)Improves (the measure goes up)2 studies259 people

Studies that measured total antioxidant capacity (tac)

Superoxide Dismutase ActivityImproves (the measure goes up)184 people

Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid

  • Apolipoprotein B: improves
  • HbA1c: improves
  • Total cholesterol: improves
Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Apolipoprotein B

Small Improvement

Improves (the measure goes down)Small effect10 people
HbA1cImproves (the measure goes down)1 study10 people

Studies that measured hba1c

Total cholesterolImproves (the measure goes down)1 study10 people

Studies that measured total cholesterol

WeightImproves (the measure goes down)1 study10 people

Studies that measured weight

Glycemic ControlImproves (the measure goes up)10 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)10 people
HIV Viral LoadImproves (the measure goes up)10 people
Kidney FunctionImproves (the measure goes up)10 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies10 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)10 people
TNF-AlphaImproves (the measure goes down)10 people
TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)10 people

Policosanol

  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
  • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
  • Total cholesterol: improves
Policosanol: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Small Improvement

Improves (the measure goes up)Small effect54 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)10 studies54 people

Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

and 7 more on the Policosanol page

Total cholesterolImproves (the measure goes down)3 studies54 people

Studies that measured total cholesterol

Fish Oil

  • C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
  • Triglycerides: improves
  • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Fish Oil: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

No effect

NoneNo effect4 studies51 people

Studies that measured c-reactive protein (crp)

and 1 more on the Fish Oil page

TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)24 studies51 people

Studies that measured triglycerides

and 21 more on the Fish Oil page

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)7 studies51 people

Studies that measured high-density lipoprotein (hdl)

and 4 more on the Fish Oil page

Cell Adhesion FactorsImproves (the measure goes down)2 studies51 people

Studies that measured cell adhesion factors

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)1 study51 people

Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl)

Total cholesterolImproves (the measure goes down)51 people

DHEA

  • Bone Mineral Density
  • Muscle Mass
  • Subjective Well-Being
DHEA: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Bone Mineral Density

No effect

NoneNo effect2 studies40 people

Studies that measured bone mineral density

Muscle Mass

No effect

1 study

Studies that measured muscle mass

Subjective Well-Being

King of Bitters

  • CD4 Lymphocytes
  • Early Virologic Response: improves
  • Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
King of Bitters: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
CD4 Lymphocytes

No effect

NoneNo effect1 study34 people

Studies that measured cd4 lymphocytes

Early Virologic ResponseImproves (the measure goes up)17 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies17 people

Guduchi

  • CD4 Lymphocytes
  • Eosinophil count: changes; see studies
  • HIV Symptoms: improves
Guduchi: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
CD4 Lymphocytes

No effect

NoneNo effect68 people
Eosinophil countChanges; see studies68 people
HIV SymptomsImproves (the measure goes down)68 people
Neutrophil CountImproves (the measure goes up)68 people
T Cell CountImproves (the measure goes up)68 people

Alanylglutamine

  • CD4 Lymphocytes
  • HIV Viral Load: improves
  • Intestinal Permeability: improves
Alanylglutamine: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
CD4 Lymphocytes

No effect

NoneNo effect37 people
HIV Viral LoadImproves (the measure goes up)1 study37 people

Studies that measured hiv viral load

Intestinal PermeabilityImproves (the measure goes up)37 people
WeightChanges; see studies37 people

Guduchi

  • CD4 Lymphocytes
  • HIV Symptoms: improves
  • Eosinophil count: changes; see studies
Guduchi: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
CD4 Lymphocytes

No effect

NoneNo effect68 people
HIV SymptomsImproves (the measure goes down)1 study68 people

Studies that measured hiv symptoms

Eosinophil countChanges; see studies68 people
Neutrophil CountImproves (the measure goes up)68 people
T Cell CountImproves (the measure goes up)68 people

Lactobacillus reuteri

  • Bilirubin
  • Blood Pressure: improves
  • Heart Rate: improves
Lactobacillus reuteri: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Bilirubin

No effect

NoneNo effect39 people
Blood PressureImproves (the measure goes down)1 study39 people
Heart RateImproves (the measure goes down)1 study39 people
TriglyceridesImproves (the measure goes down)1 study39 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)Improves (the measure goes up)39 people
Kidney FunctionImproves (the measure goes up)39 people
Liver EnzymesChanges; see studies39 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Improves (the measure goes down)39 people
Lymphocyte CountImproves (the measure goes up)39 people
Monocyte CountImproves (the measure goes up)39 people
Neutrophil CountImproves (the measure goes up)39 people
Red Blood Cell CountImproves (the measure goes up)39 people
Serum PlateletsImproves (the measure goes up)39 people
Total cholesterolImproves (the measure goes down)39 people
WeightImproves (the measure goes down)39 people
White Blood Cell CountImproves (the measure goes up)39 people

Alpha-Lipoic Acid

  • Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: changes; see studies
Alpha-Lipoic Acid: outcomes studied for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
GradeOutcomeEffectSizeStudiesPeopleStudies list
Oxidative Stress BiomarkersChanges; see studies4 studies33 people

Key findings

  • CD4 LymphocytesColostrumImproves (the measure goes up)
  • Blood glucoseChromiumImproves (the measure goes down)
  • Analgesic UseCannabisImproves (the measure goes down)

The HIV/AIDS Nutritional Support protocol

2 primary supplements · 5 supporting supplements

See the full protocol

Studies cited

100 studies from PubMed

  1. Wheat grass supplementation decreases oxidative stress in healthy subjects: a comparative study with spirulinaJ Altern Complement Med, 2007 · PMID 17983333
  2. Effects of acute chromium supplementation on postprandial metabolism in healthy young menJ Am Coll Nutr, 2004 · PMID 15310739
  3. The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast on glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, and plasma chromium in elderly subjectsAm J Clin Nutr, 1985 · PMID 3898805
  4. Anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effects of the modified fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid in psoriasis--a pilot studyScand J Clin Lab Invest · PMID 21338276
  5. Lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapyEur J Clin Invest · PMID 15473896
  6. Tetradecylthioacetic acid attenuates dyslipidaemia in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, possibly by dual PPAR-alpha/delta activation and increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidationDiabetes Obes Metab · PMID 19267708
  7. The effect of Spirulina platensis versus soybean on insulin resistance in HIV-infected patients: a randomized pilot studyNutrients · PMID 22254118
  8. Spirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trialsInt J Clin Pract · PMID 34235823
  9. Effects of policosanol 20 versus 40 mg/day in the treatment of patients with type II hypercholesterolemia: a 6-month double-blind studyInt J Clin Pharmacol Res · PMID 11708574
  10. Policosanol for managing human immunodeficiency virus-related dyslipidemia in a medically underserved population: a randomized, controlled clinical trialAltern Ther Health Med · PMID 21717822
  11. Sugar cane policosanol failed to lower plasma cholesterol in primitive, diet-resistant hypercholesterolaemia: a double blind, controlled studyComplement Ther Med · PMID 18514906
  12. Changes in cholesterol kinetics following sugar cane policosanol supplementation: a randomized control trialLipids Health Dis · PMID 18447941
  13. Effects of policosanol (10 mg/d) versus aspirin (100 mg/d) in patients with intermittent claudication: a 10-week, randomized, comparative studyAngiology · PMID 18388038
  14. Effects of policosanol in older patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and high coronary riskJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci · PMID 11253161
  15. Policosanol is ineffective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 17158441
  16. Modified-policosanol does not reduce plasma lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic patients when used alone or in combination with statin therapyLipids · PMID 21739240
  17. Comparative lipid-lowering effects of policosanol and atorvastatin: a randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialAm Heart J · PMID 17070175
  18. Effects of policosanol on older patients with hypertension and type II hypercholesterolaemiaDrugs R D · PMID 12099160
  19. Lack of cholesterol-lowering efficacy of Cuban sugar cane policosanols in hypercholesterolemic personsAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 17093150
  20. Efficacy and tolerability of policosanol in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal womenInt J Clin Pharmacol Res · PMID 11708573
  21. Effect of sugar cane policosanol on lipid profile in primary hypercholesterolemiaPhytother Res · PMID 18167048
  22. Limosilactobacillus reuteri consumption significantly reduces the total cholesterol concentration without affecting other cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Res · PMID 37419064
  23. Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation to a population infected with the human immunodeficiency virusFood Chem Toxicol · PMID 9862651
  24. Evaluation of clinical safety and tolerance of a Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 supplement capsule: a randomized control trialRegul Toxicol Pharmacol · PMID 22561556
  25. A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteersPhytother Res · PMID 10925397
  26. Immunomodulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract in human immuno-deficiency virus positive patientsIndian J Pharmacol · PMID 20040936
  27. Effect of n-3 fatty acids on patients with advanced lung cancer: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyBr J Nutr · PMID 22114792
  28. Effect of Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on markers of platelet and endothelial function in patients with peripheral arterial diseaseAtherosclerosis · PMID 22296885
  29. Effects of dietary modification and fish oil supplementation on dyslipoproteinemia in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosusJ Rheumatol · PMID 7562770
  30. Influence of age and dietary fish oil on plasma soluble adhesion molecule concentrationsClin Sci · PMID 11115423
  31. A meta-analysis shows that docosahexaenoic acid from algal oil reduces serum triglycerides and increases HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in persons without coronary heart diseaseJ Nutr · PMID 22113870
  32. n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched dairy products are able to reduce cardiovascular risk factors: a double-blind, cross-over studyClin Nutr · PMID 20304540
  33. Moderate doses of EPA and DHA from re-esterified triacylglycerols but not from ethyl-esters lower fasting serum triacylglycerols in statin-treated dyslipidemic subjects: Results from a six month randomized controlled trialProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids · PMID 21862301
  34. Age- and dose-dependent effects of an eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjectsAtherosclerosis · PMID 16879829
  35. Efficacy of fish oil supplementation on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a meta-analysis.Front Nutr · PMID 39927279
  36. Omega-3 supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a randomized clinical studyNutr J · PMID 28599665
  37. The effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein: a dose-response studyBr J Nutr · PMID 12654170
  38. Influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on soluble cellular adhesion molecules as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in young healthy subjectsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis · PMID 18420395
  39. Effect of fish oil (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyScand J Infect Dis · PMID 19685375
  40. The effects of low dose n-3 fatty acids on serum lipid profiles and insulin resistance of the elderly: a randomized controlled clinical trialInt J Vitam Nutr Res · PMID 20803425
  41. Fish oil supplementation alters circulating eicosanoid concentrations in young healthy menMetabolism · PMID 23522836
  42. Supplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-rac alpha-tocopherol alone and in combination failed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human volunteersMetabolism · PMID 14767877
  43. Dietary fish oil decreases C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and triacylglycerol to HDL-cholesterol ratio in postmenopausal women on HRTJ Nutr Biochem · PMID 14505813
  44. Effects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled studyDiabetes Care · PMID 2209315
  45. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusEur J Clin Invest · PMID 1459169
  46. Fish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetesAtherosclerosis · PMID 19394939
  47. Effect of fish oil concentrate on lipoprotein composition in NIDDMDiabetes · PMID 3181646
  48. Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systematic reviewDiabetes Care · PMID 10977042
  49. Combined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in hyperlipidemic personsMed Sci Sports Exerc · PMID 2691812
  50. Dose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemiaAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 21159789
  51. Acute fish oil and soy isoflavone supplementation increase postprandial serum (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and isoflavones but do not affect triacylglycerols or biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese hypertriglyceridemic menJ Nutr · PMID 19339704
  52. Effect of fish oil supplementation on serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and LDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridemic adultsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis · PMID 21924882
  53. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose controlAnn N Y Acad Sci · PMID 8352456
  54. A comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDMDiabetes Care · PMID 7698053
  55. Effects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters on fasting lipid profile in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemiaJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol · PMID 21297494
  56. Additive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic womenInt J Obes · PMID 16552404
  57. Prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters reduce fasting and postprandial triglycerides and modestly reduce pancreatic β-cell response in subjects with primary hypertriglyceridemiaProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids · PMID 21775113
  58. Effect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus PatientsNutrients · PMID 28587203
  59. Effects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20 mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemiaAm J Cardiol · PMID 18678300
  60. A controlled study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patientsAtherosclerosis · PMID 1872925
  61. Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyClin Ther · PMID 17825687
  62. Benefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysisInt J Cardiol · PMID 18774613
  63. Intake of n-3 fatty acids from fish does not lower serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Nutr · PMID 15100717
  64. Effects of a Small Quantity of omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in NIDDM. A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind, Controlled StudyDiabetes Care · PMID 8112187
  65. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) effects on HIV replication and host immunity: a randomized placebo-controlled studyAIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · PMID 17263636
  66. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of DHEA supplementation of bone mineral density in healthy adults.Gynecol Endocrinol · PMID 31237150
  67. Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on bone mineral density, bone markers, and body composition in older adults: the DAWN trialOsteoporos Int · PMID 18084691
  68. Intensification of antiretroviral therapy with raltegravir or addition of hyperimmune bovine colostrum in HIV-infected patients with suboptimal CD4+ T-cell response: a randomized controlled trialJ Infect Dis · PMID 21930607
  69. Treatment of diarrhoea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrumClin Investig · PMID 1392428
  70. Treatment of severe diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum with oral bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in patients with AIDSJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol · PMID 8948373
  71. Lack of prophylactic efficacy of an enteric-coated bovine hyperimmune milk product against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge administered during a standard mealJ Infect Dis · PMID 10558970
  72. Bovine colostrum supplementation does not affect plasma buffer capacity or haemoglobin content in elite female rowersEur J Appl Physiol · PMID 14685867
  73. Oral bovine colostrum supplementation enhances buffer capacity but not rowing performance in elite female rowersInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · PMID 12432178
  74. The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey playersInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · PMID 12500989
  75. Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin-like growth factor IJ Sports Sci · PMID 12848392
  76. Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young menEur J Appl Physiol · PMID 14504943
  77. The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and womenNutrition · PMID 11312068
  78. A double-blind, randomized pilot trial of chromium picolinate for binge eating disorder: results of the Binge Eating and Chromium (BEACh) studyJ Psychosom Res · PMID 23751236
  79. Improved cognitive-cerebral function in older adults with chromium supplementationNutr Neurosci · PMID 20423560
  80. Chromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitusEndocr Pract · PMID 20634174
  81. Chromium picolinate does not improve key features of metabolic syndrome in obese nondiabetic adultsMetab Syndr Relat Disord · PMID 19422140
  82. Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satietyDiabetes Technol Ther · PMID 18715218
  83. Chromium picolinate for insulin resistance in subjects with HIV disease: a pilot studyDiabetes Obes Metab · PMID 18190429
  84. In patients with HIV-infection, chromium supplementation improves insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trialCurr HIV Res · PMID 20163347
  85. Chromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev · PMID 24293292
  86. Effect of supplementation with chromium picolinate on antibody titers to 5-hydroxymethyl uracilEur J Epidemiol · PMID 9794131
  87. Lack of effect of chromium supplementation on mental state and body weight in people with schizophreniaJ Clin Psychopharmacol · PMID 16974208
  88. Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot studyJ Med · PMID 11508317
  89. The effects of chromium and copper supplementation on mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation in hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal womenClin Exp Immunol · PMID 11966762
  90. Potential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Am Coll Nutr · PMID 11444416
  91. Beneficial effects of oral chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical studyJ Trace Elem Med Biol · PMID 26302914
  92. Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Lipid Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysisBiol Trace Elem Res · PMID 33783683
  93. The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast supplementation on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and drug dosage in individuals with type 2 diabetesSaudi Med J · PMID 11376359
  94. Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on glucose, HbA1C and lipid variables in individuals with newly onset type-2 diabetesJ Trace Elem Med Biol · PMID 21570271
  95. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetesDiabetes · PMID 9356027
  96. Influence of chromium-enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitusBiol Trace Elem Res · PMID 16632892
  97. Chromium treatment has no effect in patients with poorly controlled, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes in an obese Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care · PMID 16505499
  98. Role of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Nutr Biochem · PMID 12550067
  99. Chromium supplementation shortens QTc interval duration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAm Heart J · PMID 15990745
  100. Characterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitusMetabolism · PMID 20022616

Supplement stack for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)