Condition

Metabolic Health

Metabolic health describes how well your body turns food into energy, including how it handles blood sugar, insulin and fats. Among supplements, the evidence is strongest for beta-glucans, a fiber found in oats, where three studies of 538 people found blood glucose improved. MOTS-c, a mitochondrial peptide, also looked promising for insulin sensitivity, but mostly in mice, so what it means for people is unclear.

Sources: PMID 33608654; PMID 26001090; PMID 25738459

Updated 8 November 2026
How we grade
100 studies cited

Supplements studied: 132
Medicines and peptides: 7
Graded outcomes: 154

Evidence by supplement

Strong
Moderate
Limited
Very limited

132 supplements

Beta-glucans

Beta-glucans: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood glucose Moderate Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Moderate effect	3 studies	538 people
Studies that measured blood glucose A systematic review and meta-analysis of beta-glucan consumption on glycemic control in hypercholesterolemic individuals.Int J Food Sci Nutr · PMID 26001090 The effect of oat β-glucan on postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Clin Nutr · PMID 33608654 Effect of Oat β-Glucan Intake on Glycaemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity of Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients · PMID 26771637

Caffeine

Caffeine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Adrenaline Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	2 studies	42 people
Studies that measured adrenaline Effects of caffeine on the metabolic and catecholamine responses to exercise in 5 and 28 degrees CMed Sci Sports Exerc · PMID 8201901 Caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity in humansDiabetes Care · PMID 11815511

Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
Cognition: improves
Blood glucose: improves

Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng): outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	2 studies	139 people
Studies that measured anti-oxidant enzyme profile Antioxidant effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in healthy subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trialFood Chem Toxicol · PMID 21699953 Beneficial effects of Korean red ginseng on lymphocyte DNA damage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and LDL oxidation in healthy participants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialNutr J · PMID 22805313
	Cognition	Improves (the measure goes up)		9 studies	30 people
Studies that measured cognition Effects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasksJ Psychopharmacol · PMID 16401645 Improvement of cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's disease patients by long term treatment with korean red ginsengJ Ginseng Res · PMID 23717092 Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Cognitive and Motor Function: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled TrialJ Ginseng Res · PMID 23717119 and 6 more on the Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) page
	Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	124 people
Studies that measured blood glucose Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) root fractions: differential effects on postprandial glycemia in healthy individualsJ Ethnopharmacol · PMID 21619921 Effect of Korean red ginseng on arterial stiffness in subjects with hypertensionJ Altern Complement Med · PMID 21235416 Effects of acute supplementation of Panax ginseng on endurance running in a hot & humid environmentIndian J Med Res · PMID 21321426
	Insulin	Changes; see studies		3 studies	182 people
Studies that measured insulin Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Cardiovascular Risks in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled StudyKorean J Fam Med · PMID 22916320 Effects of Panax ginseng on hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Ginseng Res · PMID 35509826 Panax ginseng has no effect on indices of glucose regulation following acute or chronic ingestion in healthy volunteersBr J Nutr · PMID 19017419
	HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	476 people
Studies that measured hba1c Ginseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patientsDiabetes Care · PMID 8721940 Red ginseng for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Chin J Integr Med · PMID 22139546
	Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	18 people
	Inflammation	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	18 people
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	20 people
	Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)			702 people
	Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)			106 people
	Body Mass Index (BMI)	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
	Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
	DNA Damage	Changes; see studies			57 people
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			753 people
	LDL Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes down)			57 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			657 people
	Muscle Damage	Changes; see studies			18 people
	Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			82 people
	Strength	Improves (the measure goes up)			20 people
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			803 people
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			741 people
	Waist-Hip Ratio	Improves (the measure goes up)			20 people
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			57 people

Alpha-GPC

Growth Hormone: improves
Fat Oxidation: improves
Iron Absorption: improves

Alpha-GPC: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Growth Hormone Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	15 people
Studies that measured growth hormone Glycerophosphocholine enhances growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation in young adultsNutrition · PMID 22673596
	Fat Oxidation Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		8 people
	Iron Absorption	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	114 people
Studies that measured iron absorption L-alpha-glycerophosphocholine contributes to meat's enhancement of nonheme iron absorptionJ Nutr · PMID 18424594 Optimization of a phytase-containing micronutrient powder with low amounts of highly bioavailable iron for in-home fortification of complementary foodsAm J Clin Nutr · PMID 19106242

Probiotics

Blood glucose: improves
HbA1c: improves
Insulin Resistance: improves

Probiotics: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	450 people
Studies that measured blood glucose Effects of probiotics supplementation on glycemic profile in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A grade-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN · PMID 39349104
	HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	671 people
Studies that measured hba1c The effects of probiotic supplementation on cardiometabolic health in patients with prediabetes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment.Front Nutr · 2025 · PMID 40959695 Probiotics Supplementation for Improving Glucolipid Parameters in Individuals with Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins · PMID 39806201
	Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	389 people
Studies that measured insulin resistance The effects of probiotics supplements on metabolic indices and clinical signs in patients with diabetic retinopathy, a randomized double blind clinical trial.J Diabetes Metab Disord · PMID 38932908
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	47 people
Studies that measured testosterone Effects of probiotic supplementation on testosterone levels in healthy ageing men: A 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.Contemp Clin Trials Commun · PMID 38770015
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	363 people
Studies that measured total cholesterol The effect of probiotic consumption on lipid profile, glycemic index, inflammatory markers, and liver function in NAFLD patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Diabetes Complications · PMID 38968867
	Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)			306 people
	Body Mass Index (BMI)	Improves (the measure goes down)			363 people
	Follicle-Stimulating Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			47 people
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			433 people
	Insulin	Changes; see studies			424 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			433 people
	Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			47 people
	Sex Hormone Binding Globulin	Improves (the measure goes up)			47 people
	Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			47 people
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			433 people

Ellagic Acid

Blood glucose: improves
Body Mass Index (BMI): improves
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves

Ellagic Acid: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	284 people
Studies that measured blood glucose Effects of Ellagic Acid on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.J Nutr Metab · PMID 38915316
	Body Mass Index (BMI)	Improves (the measure goes down)			422 people
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			316 people
	Insulin	Changes; see studies			229 people
	Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			143 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			252 people
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			183 people
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			284 people
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			399 people

Milk Protein

Blood glucose
Insulin: changes; see studies

Milk Protein: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Studies	People
	Blood glucose Mixed effect		1 study	2,750 people
Studies that measured blood glucose The Effect of Adding Protein to a Carbohydrate Meal on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Acute Controlled Feeding Trials.J Nutr · PMID 39019167
	Insulin	Changes; see studies		2,750 people

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Adiponectin: improves
Adrenaline
Insulin: changes; see studies

Niacin (Vitamin B3): outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Adiponectin Moderate Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Moderate effect	1 study	288 people
Studies that measured adiponectin The effect of niacin on inflammatory markers and adipokines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies.Eur J Nutr · PMID 38761279
	Adrenaline No effect		NoneNo effect		12 people
	Insulin	Changes; see studies		2 studies	160 people
Studies that measured insulin Impaired beta-cell function in human aging: response to nicotinic acid-induced insulin resistanceJ Clin Endocrinol Metab · PMID 16757523 Relationship between Changes in Plasma Adiponectin Concentration and Insulin Sensitivity after Niacin TherapyCardiorenal Med · PMID 22969777
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	37 people
Studies that measured low-density lipoprotein (ldl) Extended-release niacin raises adiponectin and leptinAtherosclerosis · PMID 16887123 Effects of nicotinic acid on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in healthy subjectsJ Hum Hypertens · PMID 10980588
	Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	30 people
Studies that measured total cholesterol Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart diseaseJAMA · PMID 1088963 Effectiveness of niacin supplementation for patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsMedicine · PMID 32702899
	Apolipoprotein A	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	30 people
	Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	103 people
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	37 people
	Ketone Bodies	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	12 people
	Blood Flow	Improves (the measure goes up)			37 people
	Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)			7 people
	Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)			7 people
	C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			616 people
	Cell Adhesion Factors	Improves (the measure goes down)			30 people
	Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)			12 people
	Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)			7 people
	Glucagon	Changes; see studies			12 people
	Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			46 people
	Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			30 people
	Leptin	Improves (the measure goes up)			165 people
	Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			30 people
	Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)			7 people
	Plasma Nitrate	Improves (the measure goes up)			7 people
	Resistin	Improves (the measure goes up)			30 people
	TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			30 people
	Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			37 people
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			7 people

Propolis

Blood glucose: improves
HbA1c: improves
Insulin: changes; see studies

Propolis: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	1,072 people
Studies that measured blood glucose Effects of Propolis Consumption on Glycemic Indices and Liver Enzymes in Adults: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and valuation-assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis.Clin Ther · PMID 39097520
	HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,072 people
	Insulin	Changes; see studies			1,072 people
	Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,072 people
	Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			1,072 people

Pycnogenol

Blood glucose: improves

Pycnogenol: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	838 people
Studies that measured blood glucose Effects of pycnogenol on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res · PMID 31585179

Psyllium

Blood glucose: improves
HbA1c: improves
Insulin: changes; see studies

Psyllium: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	962 people
Studies that measured blood glucose The effect of psyllium on fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, HOMA IR, and insulin control: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC Endocr Disord · PMID 38844885
	HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	523 people
Studies that measured hba1c Effectiveness and Safety of Ayurvedic Medicines in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Front Pharmacol · PMID 35754481
	Insulin	Changes; see studies			575 people
	Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			591 people

Citrus Bergamot (Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction)

Metabolic Parameters: improves

Citrus Bergamot (Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction): outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Metabolic Parameters Clinical studies suggest improvements in insulin sensitivity and NAFLD indices. Bergamot activates AMPK pathway affecting glucose and lipid metabolism. Some studies show reductions in fasting glucose. More research needed for definitive conclusions.	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect

Exogenous Ketones

Blood glucose: improves
Ketone Bodies: improves

Exogenous Ketones: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		586 people
	Ketone Bodies	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	586 people

Iron

Anemia Risk: improves
Hemoglobin: improves
Ferritin: improves

Iron: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anemia Risk Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		34,564 people
Hemoglobin	Improves (the measure goes up)		7 studies	1,120 people
Ferritin	Improves (the measure goes up)			1,170 people
Iron Deficiency Anemia Risk	Changes; see studies			34,564 people
Iron Deficiency Risk	Changes; see studies			34,564 people
Serum Iron	Improves (the measure goes up)			67 people
Total Iron Binding Capacity	Improves (the measure goes up)			67 people
Transferrin	Improves (the measure goes up)			334 people

Spirulina

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
Total cholesterol: improves

Spirulina: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		108 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	156 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	156 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	78 people
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	108 people
Muscular Endurance	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	9 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	195 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	197 people
Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)			9 people
Glutathione (GSH)	Improves (the measure goes up)			30 people
Glutathione Reductase	Improves (the measure goes up)			30 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			156 people
Plasma Vitamin C	Improves (the measure goes up)			30 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			78 people

Cornelian Cherry Extract

Blood glucose: improves
Weight: improves
Body Mass Index (BMI): improves

Cornelian Cherry Extract: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		215 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	305 people
Body Mass Index (BMI)	Improves (the measure goes down)			315 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			231 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			415 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			255 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			415 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			415 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			415 people
Waist circumference	Improves (the measure goes down)			415 people

Fiber

High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Total cholesterol: improves
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves

Fiber: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		291 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	334 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			334 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			311 people

Salacia Reticulata

Blood glucose: improves
Insulin: changes; see studies

Salacia Reticulata: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood glucose Moderate Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Moderate effect		82 people
	Insulin	Changes; see studies		3 studies	82 people

Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)

C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
TNF-Alpha: improves
Serum Folate: improves

Folic Acid (Vitamin B9): outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		1,482 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	962 people
Serum Folate	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	2,341 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,021 people

Magnesium

Blood glucose: improves
Blood Pressure: improves
Serum Magnesium: improves

Magnesium: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	17 studies	334 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		10 studies	304 people
Serum Magnesium	Improves (the measure goes up)		6 studies	416 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	737 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	30 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	304 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	60 people
Glutathione (GSH)	Improves (the measure goes up)			194 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			304 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			304 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			334 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			142 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			207 people
Nitric Oxide	Improves (the measure goes up)			194 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			194 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			112 people
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)	Improves (the measure goes up)			235 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			207 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			304 people

Sodium Bicarbonate

Anaerobic Capacity: improves
Serum Bicarbonate: improves
Blood Acidity: changes; see studies

Sodium Bicarbonate: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anaerobic Capacity Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	11 studies	22 people
Serum Bicarbonate	Improves (the measure goes up)		26 studies	63 people
Blood Acidity	Changes; see studies		4 studies	216 people
Blood Lactate (Exercise)	Changes; see studies		2 studies	22 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		2 studies	159 people
Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	8 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	171 people
Training Volume	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	10 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)			153 people
Ketone Bodies	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people
Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)			8 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people

Saffron

Blood glucose: improves
Blood Pressure: improves
Weight: improves

Saffron: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	6 studies	1,674 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	1,674 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	1,674 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	1,674 people
LDL Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	20 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,674 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			1,674 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,674 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,674 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,674 people

Medium-chain Triglycerides

Fat Oxidation: improves
Metabolic Rate: improves

Medium-chain Triglycerides: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Fat Oxidation Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	3 studies	12 people
	Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	12 people

Boron

C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves

Boron: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Moderate Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Moderate effect	3 studies	8 people

Fenugreek

Appetite
Blood glucose: improves
Estrogen: changes; see studies

Fenugreek: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Studies	People
Appetite Mixed effect		2 studies	20 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)	4 studies	20 people
Estrogen	Changes; see studies	2 studies	45 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)	1 study	517 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies	1 study	45 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)	1 study	550 people
Body Mass Index (BMI)	Improves (the measure goes down)		366 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)		45 people
DHT	Improves (the measure goes up)		45 people
Leptin	Improves (the measure goes up)		45 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		371 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		45 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		550 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		387 people

Theanine

Anxiety Symptoms: improves
Heart Rate: improves
Stress Signs and Symptoms: improves

Theanine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	2 studies	12 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	12 people
Stress Signs and Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	12 people

Policosanol

LDL Oxidation: improves
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves

Policosanol: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	LDL Oxidation Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	2 studies	69 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		10 studies	21 people

Ephedrine

Body Fat: improves
Metabolic Rate: improves
Weight: improves

Ephedrine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Body Fat Moderate Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Moderate effect	1 study	57 people
Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)		5 studies	24 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			57 people

Zinc

C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
Iron Absorption: improves
Testosterone: improves

Zinc: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	40 people
Iron Absorption	Improves (the measure goes up)		4 studies	28 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	10 people
Cell Adhesion Factors	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	40 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	40 people
Free Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			40 people
Serum T3	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Serum T4	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people

Lemon Balm

DNA Damage: improves
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves

Lemon Balm: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	DNA Damage Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	55 people
	Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			55 people

Schisandra

Cortisol
Nitric Oxide: improves

Schisandra: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Cortisol Mixed effect			1 study	71 people
	Nitric Oxide Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		71 people

N-Acetylcysteine

Anaerobic Capacity: improves
Mineral Bioaccumulation: improves
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves

N-Acetylcysteine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anaerobic Capacity Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	12 people
Mineral Bioaccumulation	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	171 people
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile	Improves (the measure goes up)			171 people

Cannabis

Cortisol
Heart Rate: improves
Ghrelin: improves

Cannabis: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Studies	People
Cortisol Mixed effect		1 study	12 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)	4 studies	8 people
Ghrelin	Improves (the measure goes up)	2 studies	20 people
Leptin	Improves (the measure goes up)	1 study	20 people
Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)	1 study	8 people
Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)	1 study	23 people
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)	Improves (the measure goes up)		20 people

Shilajit

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves

Shilajit: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	45 people

Iodine

C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
Interleukin 6: improves
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: improves

Iodine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	30 people
Interleukin 6 Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		30 people
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	30 people
Serum T3	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	60 people
Serum T4	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people

Ornithine

Cortisol
Fatigue Symptoms: improves
Sleep Quality: improves

Ornithine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Studies	People
Cortisol Mixed effect		1 study	27 people
Fatigue Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)		27 people
Sleep Quality	Improves (the measure goes up)		27 people

Licorice

LDL Oxidation: improves
Estrogen
Testosterone: improves

Licorice: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
LDL Oxidation Moderate Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Moderate effect	1 study	19 people
Estrogen No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	9 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		4 studies	33 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	19 people
Parathyroid Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			9 people

Rooibos

High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Blood glucose
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves

Rooibos: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	15 people
Blood glucose Mixed effect				15 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			27 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people
Uric Acid	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people

Chia seeds

Appetite: improves
Blood glucose
Blood Pressure: improves

Chia seeds: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Appetite Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	11 people
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	362 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	76 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	76 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	76 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	76 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			362 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			76 people
Inflammation	Improves (the measure goes down)			76 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			362 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			76 people

Roselle

Inflammation: improves
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves
Uric Acid: improves

Roselle: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Inflammation Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	8 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	8 people
Uric Acid	Improves (the measure goes down)			8 people

Chlorella

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
Blood Pressure: improves
DNA Damage: changes; see studies

Chlorella: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	52 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	52 people
DNA Damage	Changes; see studies			52 people

Grape Seed Extract

Food Intake: improves
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves

Grape Seed Extract: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Food Intake Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	51 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	24 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	44 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	24 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			24 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			24 people

Capsaicin

Blood glucose: improves
Fat Oxidation: improves
Heart Rate: improves

Capsaicin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	12 people
Fat Oxidation Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		10 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	10 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			12 people
Oxygen Uptake	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people

Phosphatidylserine

Cognition: improves
Cortisol: improves
Fatigue Symptoms: improves

Phosphatidylserine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Cognition Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	18 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	18 people
Fatigue Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	18 people
Processing Accuracy	Improves (the measure goes up)			18 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			18 people

MSM

Muscle Damage: improves
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves

MSM: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Muscle Damage Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	18 people
	Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people

Creatine

Blood glucose: improves
Muscle Creatine Content: improves
Swimming Performance Metrics: improves

Creatine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	1 study	144 people
Muscle Creatine Content	Improves (the measure goes up)		11 studies	74 people
Swimming Performance Metrics	Improves (the measure goes up)		7 studies	40 people
Muscle Mass	Improves (the measure goes up)		5 studies	33 people
Creatinine	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	26 people
IGF-1	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	33 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		2 studies	70 people
Oxygen Uptake	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	18 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	48 people
Food Intake	Changes; see studies		1 study	22 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	22 people
Growth Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	46 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	26 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	18 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	99 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)			46 people
DHT	Improves (the measure goes up)			20 people
Glycogen	Improves (the measure goes up)			22 people
Glycogen Resynthesis	Improves (the measure goes up)			20 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			26 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			108 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			26 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			26 people
Urea	Improves (the measure goes up)			26 people

Astaxanthin

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
Arterial Stiffness

Astaxanthin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Moderate Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Moderate effect		39 people
	Arterial Stiffness No effect		NoneNo effect		61 people

Green Coffee Extract

Body Fat: improves
Weight: improves

Green Coffee Extract: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Body Fat Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		30 people
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	30 people

Coleus forskohlii

Fatigue Symptoms: improves
Weight: improves

Coleus forskohlii: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Fatigue Symptoms Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		23 people
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	23 people

L-Tyrosine

Adrenaline
Heart Rate: improves
Blood glucose: improves

L-Tyrosine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Studies	People
Adrenaline Mixed effect			32 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)	5 studies	26 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)	1 study	14 people
Dopamine	Improves (the measure goes up)	1 study	20 people
Renin Activity	Improves (the measure goes up)	1 study	12 people
Blood Lactate (Exercise)	Changes; see studies		14 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		12 people
Noradrenaline	Improves (the measure goes up)		32 people

Arachidonic Acid

Anaerobic Capacity: improves

Arachidonic Acid: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Anaerobic Capacity Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		31 people

Fisetin

Oxidative Stress Markers: improves
Fasting Blood Glucose: improves

Fisetin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Oxidative Stress Markers Small reduction in oxidative stress	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		72 people
	Fasting Blood Glucose Minor reduction in glucose levels	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		48 people

Ashwagandha

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
Blood glucose: improves
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves

Ashwagandha: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		30 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	17 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	17 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	30 people
White Blood Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	17 people
Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)			17 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			17 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			17 people
Muscle Mass	Improves (the measure goes up)			17 people
Rating of Perceived Exertion	Improves (the measure goes up)			17 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			17 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			17 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			17 people

Korean black raspberry

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
Blood glucose
Triglycerides: improves

Korean black raspberry: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		15 people
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		9 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	15 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			9 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			9 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			15 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			9 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			9 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			15 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			15 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			9 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people

Sea Buckthorn

Carbohydrate Absorption: improves
Insulin: changes; see studies

Sea Buckthorn: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Carbohydrate Absorption Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		10 people
	Insulin	Changes; see studies		1 study	10 people

Chlorogenic Acid

Glycemic Control: improves
Weight: improves

Chlorogenic Acid: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Glycemic Control Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		30 people
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	30 people

Maca

Anxiety Symptoms: improves
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: improves
Sexual Function: improves

Maca: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anxiety Symptoms Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		16 people
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	16 people
Sexual Function	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	16 people
Estrogen	Changes; see studies		1 study	16 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)			197 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)			197 people
Depression Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)			16 people
Fatigue Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)			197 people
Hemoglobin	Improves (the measure goes up)			197 people
Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			16 people
Menopausal Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)			16 people
Quality of Life	Improves (the measure goes up)			197 people
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin	Improves (the measure goes up)			16 people

Roselle

Inflammation: improves
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves
Uric Acid: improves

Roselle: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	People
Inflammation Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	8 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		8 people
Uric Acid	Improves (the measure goes down)		8 people

HMB

Blood glucose: improves
Muscle Mass: improves
Body Fat: improves

HMB: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		8 people
Muscle Mass	Improves (the measure goes up)		8 studies	8 people
Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	8 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	421 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			421 people
Oxygen Uptake	Improves (the measure goes up)			8 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			421 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			421 people
Urea	Improves (the measure goes up)			8 people

Royal Jelly

Blood glucose: improves
Blood Pressure
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves

Royal Jelly: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		71 people
Blood Pressure No effect		NoneNo effect		56 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	71 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	56 people
Estrogen	Changes; see studies			56 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			56 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			56 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			15 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			71 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			71 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			56 people

Berberine

Blood glucose: improves
Total cholesterol: improves
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves

Berberine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose Large Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Large effect		1,449 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	1,297 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	1,133 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	1,231 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			471 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,233 people

Whey Protein

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
Blood Flow
Insulin: changes; see studies

Whey Protein: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		30 people
Blood Flow No effect		NoneNo effect		20 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		7 studies	768 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		4 studies	100 people
Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	70 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	617 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	939 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	850 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	50 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	70 people
Inflammation	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	20 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	481 people
Gastric Emptying Rate	Changes; see studies			81 people
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)	Improves (the measure goes up)			133 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			246 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			807 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			827 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			648 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			901 people
Total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio	Changes; see studies			161 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,018 people

African Mango

Blood glucose: improves

African Mango: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood glucose Small improvement in blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		40 people

DHEA

Blood Flow: improves
Estrogen: changes; see studies
Muscle Mass: improves

DHEA: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood Flow Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		24 people
Estrogen	Changes; see studies		8 studies	36 people
Muscle Mass Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	3 studies
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	36 people
Blood glucose Mixed effect			2 studies
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Mixed effect			2 studies
Serum DHEA	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	12 people
Triglycerides Mixed effect			2 studies
Glycemic Control No effect			1 study
IGF-1	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	24 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) No effect			1 study
Total cholesterol No effect			1 study
Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)			130 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			24 people
Nitric Oxide	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people

L-Carnitine

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile: improves
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Total cholesterol: improves

L-Carnitine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		12 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		12 studies	30 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		6 studies	30 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	2,467 people
Blood Lactate (Exercise)	Changes; see studies		5 studies	12 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		4 studies	30 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		3 studies	1,631 people
Muscle Mass	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	12 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	61 people
Free Fatty Acids	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	35 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	169 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies		2 studies	40 people
Respiratory Exchange Ratio	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	40 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	337 people
Body Fat No effect			1 study	12 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	891 people
Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	8 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	1,766 people
Hematocrit	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	10 people
Neutrophil Count	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	10 people
Oxygen Uptake No effect			1 study
Plasma Nitrate	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	15 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	12 people
Basophil Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Bilirubin	Changes; see studies			10 people
Blood Flow	Improves (the measure goes up)			30 people
C-Peptide	Improves (the measure goes up)			15 people
Carbohydrate Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)			23 people
Creatinine	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			38 people
Glycerol	Improves (the measure goes up)			12 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)			27 people
Hemoglobin	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Hydration (Total Body Water)	Improves (the measure goes up)			12 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,449 people
Ketone Bodies	Improves (the measure goes up)			5 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			30 people
Lymphocyte Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)			20 people
Monocyte Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS)	Improves (the measure goes up)			12 people
Nitric Oxide	Improves (the measure goes up)			30 people
Rating of Perceived Exertion	Improves (the measure goes up)			12 people
Serum Albumin	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Urea	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Uric Acid	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people
White Blood Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people

Pomegranate seed oil

High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Triglycerides: improves
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves

Pomegranate seed oil: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		30 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	30 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			30 people

Black Pepper

Thermogenesis: improves

Black Pepper: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Thermogenesis TRPV1 activation increases thermogenesis; modest effect on metabolic rate in humans	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		40 people

Fructose

Triglycerides: improves
Uric Acid: improves

Fructose: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Triglycerides High fructose intake increases blood triglycerides, especially in hypercaloric conditions	Improves (the measure goes down)	Moderate effect		800 people
	Uric Acid Fructose metabolism increases uric acid production	Improves (the measure goes down)	Moderate effect		400 people

Krill Oil

Apolipoprotein A: improves
C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
Total cholesterol: improves

Krill Oil: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Apolipoprotein A Small Decrease	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		115 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	115 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	115 people
Apolipoprotein B	Improves (the measure goes down)			115 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			115 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			115 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			115 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			115 people

Eleuthero

DNA Damage: improves
Heart Rate: improves
Total cholesterol: improves

Eleuthero: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
DNA Damage Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		40 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	31 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	40 people
Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)			31 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			40 people
Immunity	Improves (the measure goes up)			31 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			40 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			40 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			40 people
Oxygen Uptake	Improves (the measure goes up)			31 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			40 people

Alpha-Lipoic Acid

Blood Pressure

Alpha-Lipoic Acid: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood Pressure No effect on blood pressure		NoneNo effect	3 studies	16 people

Hesperidin

Blood glucose
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): improves
Total cholesterol: improves

Hesperidin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect	2 studies	1,023 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		4 studies	525 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	525 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	296 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)			338 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			318 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			569 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			318 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			318 people
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1	Changes; see studies			296 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			296 people
sE-Selectin	Improves (the measure goes up)			296 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			241 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			569 people
Vascular Adhesion Protein-1	Improves (the measure goes up)			296 people
Waist circumference	Improves (the measure goes down)			116 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			457 people

Vitamin C

Aerobic Exercise Metrics
HbA1c: improves
Cortisol: improves

Vitamin C: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Aerobic Exercise Metrics No effect		NoneNo effect	2 studies	7 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)		9 studies	488 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	31 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	112 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	80 people
Blood Flow	Improves (the measure goes up)		4 studies	34 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	875 people
Exercise-Induced Oxidation	Changes; see studies		2 studies	23 people
Inflammation	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	16 people
Muscle Damage	Changes; see studies		2 studies	16 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	80 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	476 people
DNA Damage	Changes; see studies		1 study	73 people
Exercise Adaptations	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	39 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	21 people
Mineral Bioaccumulation	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	45 people
Plasma Vitamin C	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	89 people
Protection from Smoking	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	30 people
Resistin	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	80 people
Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression	Improves (the measure goes up)			31 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			80 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			233 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			6 people
LDL Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes down)			30 people
Plasma Vitamin E	Improves (the measure goes up)			80 people

European Raspberry

Blood glucose
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
HbA1c: improves

European Raspberry: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	9 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) No effect		NoneNo effect		9 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			9 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			9 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			9 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			9 people

Quercetin

Anaerobic Capacity
Exercise-induced Stress Response: improves
Rating of Perceived Exertion: improves

Quercetin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anaerobic Capacity No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	15 people
Exercise-induced Stress Response	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	8 people
Rating of Perceived Exertion	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	15 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people
Intestinal Permeability	Improves (the measure goes up)			8 people
Uric Acid	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people

Conjugated Linoleic Acid

Appetite
Adiponectin
Body Fat: improves

Conjugated Linoleic Acid: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Appetite No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	62 people
Adiponectin No effect		NoneNo effect		59 people
Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)		7 studies	303 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		6 studies	309 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) No effect			5 studies
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) No effect			5 studies
Muscle Mass	Improves (the measure goes up)		5 studies	278 people
Glycemic Control Mixed effect			3 studies
Blood Pressure No effect			2 studies	35 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies		2 studies	132 people
DNA Damage	Changes; see studies		1 study	24 people
HbA1c No effect			1 study
Inflammation No effect			1 study	32 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Detriment	Worsens (the measure goes up)		1 study
Triglycerides No effect			1 study
Blood glucose
Cell Adhesion Factors	Improves (the measure goes down)			75 people
Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)			23 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			103 people
Leptin	Improves (the measure goes up)			44 people
Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)			183 people

Black Cohosh

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

Black Cohosh: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	C-Reactive Protein (CRP) No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	124 people

Epigallocatechin Gallate

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Interleukin 6

Epigallocatechin Gallate: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	C-Reactive Protein (CRP) No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	152 people
	Interleukin 6 No effect		NoneNo effect		44 people

PQQ

Blood glucose
C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves

PQQ: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	10 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			10 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people
TMAO	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people

Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)

Blood glucose

Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA): outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood glucose No effect on blood glucose		NoneNo effect	1 study	18,243 people

Rhodiola Rosea

Blood Pressure
Creatine Kinase: changes; see studies
Heart Rate: improves

Rhodiola Rosea: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood Pressure No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	15 people
Creatine Kinase	Changes; see studies			12 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			12 people
Muscle Damage	Changes; see studies			12 people
Muscle Oxygenation	Improves (the measure goes up)			15 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			15 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			12 people

Pyruvate

Body Fat
Weight: improves

Pyruvate: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Body Fat No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	14 people
	Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	14 people

Docosahexaenoic Acid

B Cell Count
Pre-Eclampsia Risk
Infant Death Risk: improves

Docosahexaenoic Acid: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
B Cell Count No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	12 people
Pre-Eclampsia Risk No effect			1 study	2,399 people
Infant Death Risk	Improves (the measure goes down)			2,399 people
Inflammation	Improves (the measure goes down)			12 people
T Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			12 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			12 people

Hemp Protein

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Triglycerides: improves

Hemp Protein: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	People
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) No effect		NoneNo effect	14 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		14 people

Pterostilbene

Blood glucose
Liver Enzymes: changes; see studies
Kidney Function: improves

Pterostilbene: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		215 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies		1 study	215 people
Kidney Function	Improves (the measure goes up)			215 people

Fish Oil

Apolipoprotein A
Triglycerides: improves
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves

Fish Oil: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Apolipoprotein A No effect		NoneNo effect		50 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		24 studies	364 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		7 studies	314 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		7 studies	6 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		4 studies	252 people
Inflammation	Improves (the measure goes down)		4 studies	242 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		4 studies	193 people
Cell Adhesion Factors	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	458 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	36 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	50 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	77 people
Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	6 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	1,132 people
Interleukin 2	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	77 people
Leukotriene B5	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	12 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	304 people
Muscle Mass	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	6 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	50 people
Apolipoprotein B	Improves (the measure goes down)			50 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)			193 people
Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)			6 people
Fructosamine	Changes; see studies			19 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			143 people
Interleukin 1-beta	Improves (the measure goes down)			77 people
Interleukin 5	Improves (the measure goes up)			77 people
Leukotriene B4	Improves (the measure goes up)			12 people
Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)			6 people
Prostaglandin J2a	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Thromboxane B2	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			304 people

Calcium

Free Testosterone

Calcium: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Free Testosterone No effect		NoneNo effect		30 people

Flaxseed

Adiponectin
Leptin: improves

Flaxseed: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Adiponectin No effect		NoneNo effect		284 people
	Leptin	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	284 people

Coenzyme Q10

Adiponectin
Anaerobic Capacity
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves

Coenzyme Q10: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Adiponectin No effect		NoneNo effect		14 people
Anaerobic Capacity No effect		NoneNo effect		18 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		9 studies	1,501 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		4 studies	1,831 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		4 studies	2,387 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	2,157 people
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	60 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	1,145 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	1,505 people
Inflammation	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	14 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	880 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	2,616 people
Exercise Capacity	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	23 people
Exercise-Induced Oxidation	Changes; see studies		1 study	41 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	2,409 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			1,234 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			988 people
Oxygen Uptake	Improves (the measure goes up)			23 people
Sperm Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
Sperm Quality	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
Superoxide Dismutase Activity	Improves (the measure goes up)			694 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			721 people
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)	Improves (the measure goes up)			835 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			2,443 people

Black seed

Adiponectin

Black seed: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Adiponectin No effect		NoneNo effect		39 people

Vitamin B6

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Growth Hormone: improves
Prolactin: improves

Vitamin B6: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone No effect		NoneNo effect		10 people
Growth Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	10 people
Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	10 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people

Green Tea Extract

Blood glucose
Insulin: changes; see studies
Fat Oxidation: improves

Green Tea Extract: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		1,819 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		7 studies	1,819 people
Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)		5 studies	50 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	313 people
Iron Absorption	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	30 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	103 people
Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	31 people
Estrogen	Changes; see studies			103 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			23 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,819 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,819 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			42 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			103 people

Chromium

Adiponectin
Weight: improves
Glycemic Control: improves

Chromium: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Adiponectin No effect		NoneNo effect		25 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		12 studies	159 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)		9 studies	48 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		6 studies	112 people
Muscle Mass	Improves (the measure goes up)		5 studies	143 people
Blood Lactate (Exercise)	Changes; see studies		2 studies	16 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	25 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	25 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		1 study	87 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	25 people
Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)			143 people
Glycogen	Improves (the measure goes up)			16 people
Glycogen Resynthesis	Improves (the measure goes up)			16 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			25 people

Japanese Knotweed

Blood glucose
Glycemic Control
Triglycerides: improves

Japanese Knotweed: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		20 people
Glycemic Control No effect		NoneNo effect		20 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	20 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			20 people
Inflammation	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			20 people
Leptin	Improves (the measure goes up)			20 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people

Red Clover Extract

Apolipoprotein A
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Testosterone: improves

Red Clover Extract: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Apolipoprotein A No effect		NoneNo effect		31 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		6 studies	31 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	43 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	31 people
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	43 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)			31 people
Estrogen	Changes; see studies			43 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			74 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			31 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			31 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			31 people

Bitter orange

Alertness

Bitter orange: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Alertness No effect		NoneNo effect		50 people

Reishi

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Immunity: improves
Total cholesterol: improves

Reishi: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile No effect		NoneNo effect		18 people
Immunity	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	18 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	18 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people
DNA Damage	Changes; see studies			18 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			18 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			18 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people
Uric Acid	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people

Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid

Blood glucose
Heart Rate: improves
Total cholesterol: improves

Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		18 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	18 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	18 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			18 people
Kidney Function	Improves (the measure goes up)			18 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			18 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people
Serum T4	Improves (the measure goes up)			18 people
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			18 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people
Uric Acid	Improves (the measure goes down)			18 people
White Blood Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			18 people

Vitamin E

Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves
Total cholesterol: improves

Vitamin E: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile No effect		NoneNo effect		88 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	72 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	368 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	332 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	88 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies		1 study	167 people
Neutrophil Count	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	32 people
Serum T4	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	351 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	120 people
White Blood Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	148 people
Arterial Stiffness	Improves (the measure goes down)			36 people
Bilirubin	Changes; see studies			88 people
Bleeding Time	Changes; see studies			319 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)			120 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)			72 people
Hematocrit	Improves (the measure goes up)			88 people
Homocysteine	Improves (the measure goes down)			88 people
Immunity	Improves (the measure goes up)			32 people
Kidney Function	Improves (the measure goes up)			47 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			124 people
Lymphocyte Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			216 people
Serum Cobalamin	Improves (the measure goes up)			88 people
Serum Folate	Improves (the measure goes up)			88 people
Serum T3	Improves (the measure goes up)			323 people
Sexual Function	Improves (the measure goes up)			184 people

Bulbine Natalensis

Kidney Function
Liver Enzymes: worsens

Bulbine Natalensis: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Kidney Function No effect (but limited data)		NoneNo effect		36 people
	Liver Enzymes Small Detriment (elevation = harm)	Worsens (the measure goes up)	Small effect		36 people

Alcohol

Estrogen

Alcohol: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Estrogen No effect on estrogen		NoneNo effect		17 people

Vitamin K

Adiponectin
Insulin Resistance: improves
Weight: improves

Vitamin K: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Adiponectin No effect		NoneNo effect		42 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	1,548 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	1,548 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	1,548 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	1,548 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		1 study	1,548 people
Body Fat	Improves (the measure goes down)			439 people
Body Mass Index (BMI)	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			421 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			42 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			421 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
Osteoprotegerin	Improves (the measure goes up)			379 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,548 people
Waist circumference	Improves (the measure goes down)			439 people

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Homocysteine: improves
Ferritin: improves

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2): outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) No effect		NoneNo effect		42 people
Homocysteine	Improves (the measure goes down)		4 studies	172 people
Ferritin	Improves (the measure goes up)			42 people
Uric Acid	Improves (the measure goes down)			42 people

Betaine

Blood glucose

Betaine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		42 people

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide

Blood glucose
Insulin Resistance: improves
Serum NAD+ Levels: improves

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		513 people
Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	513 people
Serum NAD+ Levels	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	513 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			513 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			513 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			513 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			513 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			513 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)			513 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			513 people

Arginine

Ammonia

Arginine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Ammonia No effect		NoneNo effect		10 people

Nicotine

Blood glucose
Blood Pressure: improves
Glycemic Control: improves

Nicotine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		34 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	12 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	58 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		1 study	34 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)			34 people
Growth Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			34 people

Tart Cherry Juice

Blood glucose
Uric Acid: improves
C-Reactive Protein (CRP): improves

Tart Cherry Juice: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		58 people
Uric Acid	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	58 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			58 people
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)			58 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			58 people
Microbiome	Improves (the measure goes up)			58 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			58 people

Citrulline

Blood glucose
Growth Hormone: improves
Insulin: changes; see studies

Citrulline: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		17 people
Growth Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	25 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		1 study	37 people
Plasma Arginine	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	8 people
Creatinine	Improves (the measure goes up)			17 people
IGF-1	Improves (the measure goes up)			12 people
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS)	Improves (the measure goes up)			12 people
Nitric Oxide	Improves (the measure goes up)			17 people
Plasma Glutamine	Improves (the measure goes up)			29 people
Urea	Improves (the measure goes up)			17 people

Black Chokeberry

Blood glucose

Black Chokeberry: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		523 people

Colostrum

Anaerobic Capacity
Weight: improves
IGF-1: improves

Colostrum: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Anaerobic Capacity No effect		NoneNo effect		51 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	51 people
IGF-1	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	51 people
Immunoglobulin A	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	10 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	20 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people

Maitake

Blood Pressure: improves

Maitake: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood Pressure Trend toward BP reduction; not statistically significant	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect		25 people

Melatonin

Adrenaline
Blood Pressure: improves
Exercise-Induced Oxidation: changes; see studies

Melatonin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Adrenaline No effect		NoneNo effect		14 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	14 people
Exercise-Induced Oxidation	Changes; see studies		2 studies	20 people
Growth Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	18 people
Blood Flow	Improves (the measure goes up)			14 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)			10 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)			14 people
Inflammation	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
Muscle Damage	Changes; see studies			20 people
Noradrenaline	Improves (the measure goes up)			14 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people

Brown Seaweed Extract

Blood glucose

Brown Seaweed Extract: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		23 people

Curcumin

Apolipoprotein A
Blood glucose: improves
Triglycerides: improves

Curcumin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Apolipoprotein A No effect		NoneNo effect		80 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		18 studies	3,048 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		9 studies	3,364 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		6 studies	24 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	1,276 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	80 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)		4 studies	822 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies		3 studies	1,329 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	1,186 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		2 studies	581 people
Arterial Stiffness	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	44 people
Blood Flow	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	44 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	1,005 people
Iron Absorption	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	10 people
Prostate-Specific Antigen	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	85 people
Apolipoprotein B	Improves (the measure goes down)			80 people
Body Mass Index (BMI)	Improves (the measure goes down)			2,789 people
Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase	Improves (the measure goes up)			230 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,716 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			80 people
HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,196 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)			156 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			1,087 people
Oxygen Uptake	Improves (the measure goes up)			152 people
Prostate Cancer Risk	Improves (the measure goes down)			85 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			1,025 people
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)	Improves (the measure goes up)			529 people

D-Aspartic Acid

Body Fat
Estrogen
Testosterone: improves

D-Aspartic Acid: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Body Fat No effect		NoneNo effect		20 people
Estrogen No effect		NoneNo effect		20 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	44 people
Free Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people
Muscle Mass	Improves (the measure goes up)			20 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people

Glutathione

DNA Damage
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: improves

Glutathione: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	DNA Damage No effect		NoneNo effect		39 people
	Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	39 people

Cocoa Extract

Adiponectin
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): improves
Blood Pressure: improves

Cocoa Extract: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Adiponectin No effect		NoneNo effect		20 people
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)		13 studies	439 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		10 studies	253 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)		5 studies	61 people
Triglycerides	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	439 people
Blood Flow	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	100 people
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	76 people
Platelet Aggregation	Changes; see studies		2 studies	148 people
Blood Lactate (Exercise)	Changes; see studies		1 study	14 people
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	41 people
Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	83 people
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			34 people
Aerobic Exercise Metrics	Improves (the measure goes up)			28 people
Anaerobic Capacity	Improves (the measure goes up)			14 people
Cell Adhesion Factors	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
Cortisol	Improves (the measure goes down)			34 people
Exercise-Induced Oxidation	Changes; see studies			34 people
Glucagon	Changes; see studies			20 people
Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)			115 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)			98 people
Homocysteine	Improves (the measure goes down)			19 people
IL-1Ra	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies			77 people
Interleukin 10	Improves (the measure goes up)			20 people
Interleukin 6	Improves (the measure goes down)			34 people
Leptin	Improves (the measure goes up)			20 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			439 people
Neutrophil Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			34 people
Plasma Vitamin E	Improves (the measure goes up)			28 people
Rating of Perceived Exertion	Improves (the measure goes up)			34 people
TNF-Alpha	Improves (the measure goes down)			20 people
Total cholesterol	Improves (the measure goes down)			570 people
Uric Acid	Improves (the measure goes down)			19 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			84 people

Lactobacillus reuteri

Bilirubin
Blood Pressure: improves
Heart Rate: improves

Lactobacillus reuteri: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Bilirubin No effect		NoneNo effect		124 people
Blood Pressure	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	124 people
Heart Rate	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	124 people
Blood glucose	Improves (the measure goes down)			124 people
Hematocrit	Improves (the measure goes up)			124 people
Hemoglobin	Improves (the measure goes up)			124 people
Liver Enzymes	Changes; see studies			124 people
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			124 people
Weight	Improves (the measure goes down)			124 people
White Blood Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			124 people

Elderberry

Blood glucose
Carbohydrate Oxidation: improves
Fat Oxidation: improves

Elderberry: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Blood glucose No effect		NoneNo effect		10 people
Carbohydrate Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	10 people
Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people
Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)			10 people

S-adenosylmethionine

Homocysteine: improves

S-adenosylmethionine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Homocysteine	Improves (the measure goes down)		3 studies	29 people

Stinging Nettle

Inflammation: improves

Stinging Nettle: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Inflammation	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	20 people

Glutamine

Exercise Tolerance: improves
Insulin: changes; see studies
Blood glucose: worsens

Glutamine: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Exercise Tolerance	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	13 people
Insulin	Changes; see studies		2 studies	12 people
Blood glucose Small Detriment	Worsens (the measure goes up)	Small effect		12 people

Vanadium

Glycemic Control: improves

Vanadium: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	30 people

Nitrate

Exercise Performance During Hypoxia: improves

Nitrate: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Exercise Performance During Hypoxia	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	9 people

Cat's claw

White Blood Cell Count: improves

Cat's claw: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	White Blood Cell Count	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	4 people

Vitamin D

HbA1c: improves

Vitamin D: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	HbA1c	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	9 people

Horny Goat Weed

Estrogen: changes; see studies

Horny Goat Weed: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Estrogen	Changes; see studies		1 study	8 people

Resveratrol

Fat Oxidation: improves
Anaerobic Capacity: worsens
Glycogen: improves

Resveratrol: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Fat Oxidation	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	16 people
Anaerobic Capacity Small Detriment	Worsens (the measure goes down)	Small effect		16 people
Glycogen	Improves (the measure goes up)			16 people
Oxygen Uptake	Improves (the measure goes up)			16 people

TUDCA

Insulin Resistance: improves

TUDCA: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Insulin Resistance	Improves (the measure goes down)		1 study	20 people

Grains of Paradise

Metabolic Rate: improves

Grains of Paradise: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Metabolic Rate	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	19 people

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Glycemic Control: improves

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Glycemic Control	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	618 people

Prescription medicines and peptides studied, for context

These are not supplements. Most need a prescription, and some are research compounds with no approved use. They are listed so the supplement evidence above can be read against them.

7 medicines and peptides

MOTS-c

Insulin Sensitivity: improves
Glucose Metabolism: improves

MOTS-c: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Insulin Sensitivity MOTS-c treatment prevented age-dependent and high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. Human studies show plasma MOTS-c levels correlate positively with insulin sensitivity in lean individuals.	Improves (the measure goes up)	Large effect	9 studies
	Glucose Metabolism MOTS-c improves glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle by enhancing GLUT4 translocation via AMPK activation, reducing hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in diet-induced obese mice.	Improves (the measure goes down)	Large effect	9 studies

Ipamorelin

Growth Hormone Release: improves

Ipamorelin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Growth Hormone Release Ipamorelin potently stimulates growth hormone release in a dose-dependent manner, with effects comparable to GHRP-6 but without affecting cortisol or ACTH levels.	Improves (the measure goes up)	Large effect	8 studies

Tesamorelin

Growth Hormone Release: improves
IGF-1 Levels: changes; see studies

Tesamorelin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Growth Hormone Release Tesamorelin stimulates significant increases in endogenous pulsatile GH secretion, with preserved physiological release patterns.	Improves (the measure goes up)	Large effect	6 studies
	IGF-1 Levels Treatment produces significant increases in IGF-1 levels, mediating downstream metabolic and cognitive effects.	Changes; see studies	Moderate effect	6 studies

Sermorelin

Growth Hormone Release: improves
IGF-1 Levels: changes; see studies
Insulin Sensitivity: improves

Sermorelin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies
Growth Hormone Release Sermorelin nearly doubled 12-hour mean GH release in elderly men and elevated peak GH amplitude. Effects were sustained with the majority of GH release preserved at night in physiological patterns.	Improves (the measure goes up)	Large effect	2 studies
IGF-1 Levels Sermorelin elevated IGF-1 levels in elderly men in a dose-dependent manner, approaching levels seen in younger men. Elevations persisted for 2 weeks after stopping treatment.	Changes; see studies	Moderate effect	2 studies
Insulin Sensitivity A significant increase in insulin sensitivity occurred in elderly men (P < 0.05) following 4 months of GHRH analog treatment, though not in women.	Improves (the measure goes up)	Moderate effect

GHRP-6

Appetite Stimulation: improves

GHRP-6: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Appetite Stimulation Notable Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Large effect	5 studies	140 people

Humanin

Insulin Sensitivity: improves
Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion: changes; see studies

Humanin: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Insulin Sensitivity Intra-cerebroventricular and peripheral humanin significantly improved insulin sensitivity in rodent studies, described as one of the most potent insulin-sensitizing agents tested.	Improves (the measure goes up)	Large effect	3 studies
	Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion Potent humanin analogs increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through enhanced beta-cell metabolism, with potential applications in diabetes treatment.	Changes; see studies	Moderate effect	3 studies

AOD-9604

Fat Mass Reduction (Animal): improves
Insulin Sensitivity
Cholesterol Profile: improves

AOD-9604: outcomes studied for Metabolic Health
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Fat Mass Reduction (Animal) >50% reduction in weight gain in obese mice	Improves (the measure goes down)	Large effect	6 studies	160 people
Insulin Sensitivity No adverse effect on insulin sensitivity		NoneNo effect	6 studies	120 people
Cholesterol Profile Small improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	6 studies	300 people

Key findings

Blood glucoseBeta-glucansImproves (the measure goes down)
AdrenalineCaffeineImproves (the measure goes up)
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme ProfilePanax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)Improves (the measure goes up)

Safety notes in the studies

No adverse effect on insulin sensitivity

Shop the evidence-backed picks

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Studies cited

100 studies from PubMed

Mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet cell senescence to delay diabetesFront Physiol, 2025 · PMID 40855115
The effects of probiotic supplementation on cardiometabolic health in patients with prediabetes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment.Front Nutr, 2025 · PMID 40959695
The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Br J Nutr, 2024 · PMID 39439191
The correlation between mitochondrial derived peptide (MDP) and metabolic states: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 2024 · PMID 39160573
Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on lipid profile in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Nutr, 2024 · PMID 39385778
The Effect of Antioxidant Polyphenol Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients, 2024 · PMID 39683599
The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on glycemic control, adipokines, cytokines, malondialdehyde and liver function enzymes in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Nutr J, 2023 · PMID 37794481
Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c: effects and mechanisms related to stress, metabolism and agingMol Cell Biochem, 2023 · PMID 36670507
Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c, Diabetes, and Aging-Related DiseasesDiabetes Metab J, 2023 · PMID 36824008
MOTS-c, the Most Recent Mitochondrial Derived Peptide in Human Aging and Age-Related DiseasesInt J Mol Sci, 2022 · PMID 36233287
Does creatine supplementation improve glycemic control and insulin resistance in healthy and diabetic patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2022 · PMID 35063192
MOTS-c interacts synergistically with exercise intervention to regulate PGC-1α expression, attenuate insulin resistance and enhance glucose metabolism in mice via AMPK signaling pathwayBiochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj, 2021 · PMID 33722744
Efficacy and Safety of Berberine Alone for Several Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Front Pharmacol, 2021 · PMID 33981233
The effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on body composition and blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Steroids, 2020 · PMID 32745490
The Effect of L-Theanine Incorporated in a Functional Food Product (Mango Sorbet) on Physiological Responses in Healthy Males: A Pilot Randomised Controlled TrialFoods, 2020 · PMID 32210015
Effects of spirulina and wakame consumption on intestinal cholesterol absorption and serum lipid concentrations in non-hypercholesterolemic adult men and womenEur J Nutr, 2020 · PMID 31388739
Plasma MOTS-c levels are associated with insulin sensitivity in lean but not in obese individualsJ Investig Med, 2018 · PMID 29593067
Circulating MOTS-c levels are decreased in obese male children and adolescents and associated with insulin resistancePediatr Diabetes, 2018 · PMID 29691953
Substantial Variability Across Individuals in the Vascular and Nutrigenomic Response to an Acute Intake of Curcumin: A Randomized Controlled TrialMol Nutr Food Res, 2018 · PMID 29034576
Curcumin alleviates postprandial glycaemic response in healthy subjects: A cross-over, randomized controlled studySci Rep, 2018 · PMID 30209353
Curcumin supplementation improves vascular endothelial function in healthy middle-aged and older adults by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and reducing oxidative stressAging (Albany NY), 2017 · PMID 28070018
Novel Form of Curcumin Improves Endothelial Function in Young, Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled StudyJ Nutr Metab, 2016 · PMID 27630772
The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistanceCell Metab, 2015 · PMID 25738459
Effect of intra-articular injection of AOD9604 with or without hyaluronic acid in a rabbit osteoarthritis modelJ Orthop Res, 2015 · PMID 26275694
Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patientsInt J Colorectal Dis, 2014 · PMID 25331030
Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2014 · PMID 25208511
Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Rasayana drugs in healthy human volunteersAyu, 2014 · PMID 25364199
Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation in elderly men: a meta-analysis study of placebo-controlled trials.J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013 · PMID 23824417
Potent humanin analog increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through enhanced metabolism in the β cellFASEB J, 2013 · PMID 23995290
Three and six grams supplementation of d-aspartic acid in resistance trained menJ Int Soc Sports Nutr, 2013 · PMID 25844073
Effects of berberine on lipid profile in subjects with low cardiovascular riskExpert Opin Biol Ther, 2013 · PMID 23441841
Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: results of a controlled trialArch Neurol, 2012 · PMID 22869065
Effect of Spirulina maxima on postprandial lipemia in young runners: a preliminary reportJ Med Food, 2012 · PMID 22738038
Tesamorelin: a review of its use in the management of HIV-associated lipodystrophy.Drugs, 2011 · PMID 21668043
Spotlight on tesamorelin in HIV-associated lipodystrophyBioDrugs, 2011 · PMID 22050344
Growth hormone and tesamorelin in the management of HIV-associated lipodystrophyHIV AIDS (Auckl), 2011 · PMID 22096409
Tesamorelin: a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue for HIV-associated lipodystrophyDrugs, 2011 · PMID 22298602
Effect of different curcuminoid supplement dosages on total in vivo antioxidant capacity and cholesterol levels of healthy human subjectsPhytother Res, 2011 · PMID 21796707
Protective effects of [Gly14]-Humanin on beta-amyloid-induced PC12 cell death by preventing mitochondrial dysfunctionNeurochem Int, 2010 · PMID 19941922
Association of A1C levels with vitamin D status in U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyDiabetes Care, 2010 · PMID 20215453
Combined inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on the production of prostate-specific antigenProstate, 2010 · PMID 20503397
Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjectsNutr J, 2010 · PMID 20937162
Efficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileusJ Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2009 · PMID 19289567
Three weeks of creatine monohydrate supplementation affects dihydrotestosterone to testosterone ratio in college-aged rugby playersClin J Sport Med, 2009 · PMID 19741313
Role of creatine supplementation on exercise-induced cardiovascular function and oxidative stressOxid Med Cell Longev, 2009 · PMID 20716911
Effect of NCB-02, atorvastatin and placebo on endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 8-week studyDrugs R D, 2008 · PMID 18588355
Effects of creatine supplementation on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in sedentary healthy males undergoing aerobic trainingAmino Acids, 2008 · PMID 17396216
Does creatine supplementation improve the plasma lipid profile in healthy male subjects undergoing aerobic trainingJ Int Soc Sports Nutr, 2008 · PMID 18831767
Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiencyBioDrugs, 2007 · PMID 18031173
Wheat grass supplementation decreases oxidative stress in healthy subjects: a comparative study with spirulinaJ Altern Complement Med, 2007 · PMID 17983333
Drug evaluation: tesamorelin, a synthetic human growth hormone releasing factorIDrugs, 2006 · PMID 17086939
Chili, but not turmeric, inhibits iron absorption in young women from an iron-fortified composite mealJ Nutr, 2006 · PMID 17116705
Gateways to clinical trials.Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 2005 · PMID 15834452
Creatine supplementation increases glycogen storage but not GLUT-4 expression in human skeletal muscleClin Sci (Lond), 2004 · PMID 14507259
Effects of acute chromium supplementation on postprandial metabolism in healthy young menJ Am Coll Nutr, 2004 · PMID 15310739
Gateways to clinical trials.Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 2003 · PMID 14685303
Gateways to clinical trials.Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 2003 · PMID 14571286
Lack of effect of Rhodiola or oxygenated water supplementation on hypoxemia and oxidative stressWilderness Environ Med, 2003 · PMID 12659243
Creatine supplementation affects glucose homeostasis but not insulin secretion in humansAnn Nutr Metab, 2003 · PMID 12624482
Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centersEndocrinology, 2002 · PMID 11751604
The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult ratsGrowth Horm IGF Res, 2001 · PMID 11735244
The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out miceEndocrinology, 2001 · PMID 11713213
Effect of oral creatine supplementation on human muscle GLUT4 protein content after immobilizationDiabetes, 2001 · PMID 11147785
Creatine supplementation and health variables: a retrospective studyMed Sci Sports Exerc, 2001 · PMID 11224803
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteersPharm Res, 1999 · PMID 10496658
Role of submaximal exercise in promoting creatine and glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle1999 · PMID 10444618
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