Condition

Male Sexual Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction is trouble getting or keeping an erection, often because blood flow to the penis is reduced. Korean red ginseng has the best support, with trials finding that erections went up and the evidence rated moderate; yohimbine and saffron also showed improvements, though that evidence is limited. Those studies were small, with about 200 people across the ginseng trials, so the results are preliminary.

Sources: PMID 12394711; PMID 8750052

Supplements studied: 16
Graded outcomes: 16
Trials: 24
People studied: 2,436

Evidence by supplement

Strong
Moderate
Limited
Very limited

16 supplements

Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)

Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng): outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Erections Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	4 studies	195 people
Studies that measured erections A double-blind crossover study evaluating the efficacy of korean red ginseng in patients with erectile dysfunction: a preliminary reportJ Urol · PMID 12394711 Clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunctionInt J Impot Res · PMID 8750052 Study of the efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl · PMID 16855773 and 1 more on the Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) page
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	60 people
Studies that measured testosterone Effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer saponins on male fertilityPanminerva Med · PMID 9063034
	High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Improves (the measure goes down)			60 people
	Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people

Saw Palmetto

Saw Palmetto: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms Small Improvement	Improves (the measure goes down)	Small effect	7 studies	82 people
Studies that measured benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms Serenoa repens monotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): an updated Cochrane systematic reviewBJU Int · PMID 22551330 Serenoa repens extract for benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized controlled trialBJU Int · PMID 12887481 Observational database serenoa repens (DOSSER): overview, analysis and results. A multicentric SIUrO (Italian Society of Oncological Urology) projectArch Ital Urol Androl · PMID 23210402 and 4 more on the Saw Palmetto page
	Quality of Life	Improves (the measure goes up)			82 people
	Sexual Function	Improves (the measure goes up)			82 people

Saffron

Erections: improves
Sexual Function: improves

Saffron: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Erections Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	4 studies	396 people
Studies that measured erections Effects of a Topical Saffron (Crocus sativus L) Gel on Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetics: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Evid Based Complementary Altern Med · PMID 25948674 A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on saffron (Crocus sativus) effectiveness and safety on erectile dysfunction and semen parameters.Avicenna J Phytomed · PMID 29881706 Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: a pilot studyPhytomedicine · PMID 19427775 and 1 more on the Saffron page
	Sexual Function	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	50 people
Studies that measured sexual function Saffron for treatment of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studyHum Psychopharmacol · PMID 23280545 Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) on sexual dysfunction among men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Avicenna J Phytomed · PMID 31516855

Tribulus Terrestris

Erections: improves
Testosterone
Luteinizing Hormone

Tribulus Terrestris: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Erections Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	4 studies	30 people
Studies that measured erections Tribulus terrestris versus placebo in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with late-onset hypogonadism: A placebo-controlled studyUrologia · PMID 30253697 Pilot Study on the Effect of Botanical Medicine (Tribulus terrestris) on Serum Testosterone Level and Erectile Function in Aging Males With Partial Androgen Deficiency (PADAM)J Sex Marital Ther · PMID 25849625 Dietary Supplements for Erectile Dysfunction: Analysis of Marketed Products, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Rational Use.Nutrients · PMID 37686709 and 1 more on the Tribulus Terrestris page
	Testosterone No effect			1 study
Studies that measured testosterone Tribulus terrestris for management of patients with erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.Int J Impot Res · 2026 · PMID 40360723
	Luteinizing Hormone

Maca

Estrogen: worsens
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: improves
Libido: improves

Maca: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Estrogen Small Increase	Worsens (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	56 people
Studies that measured estrogen Beneficial effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on psychological symptoms and measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women are not related to estrogen or androgen contentMenopause · PMID 18784609
	Follicle-Stimulating Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	56 people
Studies that measured follicle-stimulating hormone Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a root with aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties, on serum reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy menJ Endocrinol · PMID 12525260 Effect of Lepidium meyenii Walp. on Semen Parameters and Serum Hormone Levels in Healthy Adult Men: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot StudyEvid Based Complement Alternat Med · PMID 26421049 Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trialAndrologia · PMID 19260845
	Libido	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	8 people
Studies that measured libido A pilot investigation into the effect of maca supplementation on physical activity and sexual desire in sportsmenJ Ethnopharmacol · PMID 19781622
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	56 people
Studies that measured testosterone Effect of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy menAndrologia · PMID 12472620
	Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			56 people
	Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)			56 people

Yohimbine

Erections: improves
Penile Girth: improves
Testosterone: improves

Yohimbine: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Erections Small improvement in erectile function	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect	1 study	419 people
Studies that measured erections Yohimbine for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trialsJ Urol · PMID 9649257
	Penile Girth Small improvement during erection	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		18 people
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	18 people
Studies that measured testosterone Yohimbine treatment of organic erectile dysfunction in a dose-escalation trialInt J Impot Res · PMID 11896474

Shilajit

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: improves
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: changes; see studies
Luteinizing Hormone: improves

Shilajit: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Small Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Small effect		60 people
	Oxidative Stress Biomarkers	Changes; see studies		1 study	60 people
Studies that measured oxidative stress biomarkers Clinical evaluation of spermatogenic activity of processed Shilajit in oligospermiaAndrologia · PMID 20078516
	Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
	Sperm Quality	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people

Fenugreek

Libido: improves
Prostate-Specific Antigen: improves
Prolactin: improves

Fenugreek: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Libido Moderate Increase	Improves (the measure goes up)	Moderate effect		60 people
	Prostate-Specific Antigen	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	60 people
Studies that measured prostate-specific antigen Physiological Aspects of Male Libido Enhanced by Standardized Trigonella foenum-graecum Extract and Mineral FormulationPhytother Res · PMID 21312304
	Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			60 people

Butea Superba

Erections

Butea Superba: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Erections No effect		NoneNo effect	2 studies	70 people
Studies that measured erections Clinical trial of Butea superba, an alternative herbal treatment for erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl · PMID 12937809 The use of Butea superba (Roxb.) compared to sildenafil for treating erectile dysfunctionBJU Int · PMID 19624593

Nicotine

Blood Pressure
Libido: improves
Penile Girth: improves

Nicotine: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Blood Pressure No effect		NoneNo effect	2 studies	28 people
Studies that measured blood pressure Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trialNeurology · PMID 22232050 Acute effects of nicotine on physiological and subjective sexual arousal in nonsmoking men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Sex Med · PMID 17971108
	Libido	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	28 people
Studies that measured libido The inhibitory effects of nicotine on physiological sexual arousal in nonsmoking women: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trialJ Sex Med · PMID 18331269
	Penile Girth	Improves (the measure goes up)			28 people

Ashwagandha

Erections
Testosterone: improves
Sperm Quality: improves

Ashwagandha: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Erections No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	86 people
Studies that measured erections Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal. Linn.) in the management of psychogenic erectile dysfunctionAyu · PMID 22529644
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		5 studies	46 people
Studies that measured testosterone Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trialJ Int Soc Sports Nutr · PMID 26609282 Efficacy of Withania somnifera on seminal plasma metabolites of infertile males: a proton NMR study at 800 MHzJ Ethnopharmacol · PMID 23796876 Withania somnifera Improves Semen Quality in Stress-Related Male FertilityEvid Based Complement Alternat Med · PMID 19789214 and 2 more on the Ashwagandha page
	Sperm Quality	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	46 people
Studies that measured sperm quality Comparative evaluation of the effects of Withania somnifera with pentoxifylline on the sperm parameters in idiopathic male infertility: A triple-blind randomised clinical trialAndrologia · PMID 29770466
	Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			46 people
	Seminal Motility	Improves (the measure goes up)			46 people
	Sperm Count	Improves (the measure goes up)			46 people

Velvet Antler

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Testosterone: improves
Free Testosterone: improves

Velvet Antler: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
	Follicle-Stimulating Hormone No effect		NoneNo effect	1 study	24 people
Studies that measured follicle-stimulating hormone Effect of deer velvet on sexual function in men and their partners: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyArch Sex Behav · PMID 12807299
	Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	24 people
Studies that measured testosterone Effect of elk velvet antler supplementation on the hormonal response to acute and chronic exercise in male and female rowersInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · PMID 16286669
	Free Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people
	Libido	Improves (the measure goes up)			48 people
	Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people
	Prolactin	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people
	Sexual Function	Improves (the measure goes up)			24 people

DHEA

Erections
Testosterone: improves
Serum DHEA: improves

DHEA: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Erections No effect		NoneNo effect		79 people
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)		3 studies	79 people
Serum DHEA	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	79 people
Libido
Prostate-Specific Antigen	Improves (the measure goes up)			79 people

L-Carnitine

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms
Sperm Quality: improves
Depression Symptoms: improves

L-Carnitine: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms No effect		NoneNo effect		120 people
Sperm Quality	Improves (the measure goes up)		10 studies	459 people
Depression Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)		2 studies	120 people
Erections	Improves (the measure goes up)		2 studies	256 people
Prostate-Specific Antigen No effect			1 study	120 people
Sexual Function	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	216 people
Fatigue Symptoms	Improves (the measure goes down)			120 people
Fertility
Free Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			120 people
Luteinizing Hormone	Improves (the measure goes up)			120 people
Sperm Count
Testosterone	Improves (the measure goes up)			120 people

Ginkgo Biloba

Depression Symptoms
Libido: improves

Ginkgo Biloba: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Depression Symptoms No effect		NoneNo effect		24 people
	Libido	Improves (the measure goes up)		4 studies	24 people

Pycnogenol

Erections: improves

Pycnogenol: outcomes studied for Male Sexual Dysfunction
Grade	Outcome	Effect	Size	Studies	People	Studies list
	Erections	Improves (the measure goes up)		1 study	40 people

Key findings

ErectionsPanax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng)Improves (the measure goes up)
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia SymptomsSaw PalmettoImproves (the measure goes down)
EstrogenMacaWorsens (the measure goes up)

The Male Sexual Dysfunction (Erectile Dysfunction) protocol

2 primary supplements · 5 supporting supplements

L-Citrulline1.5–3 g daily (or 6–8 g citrulline malate)
Panax Ginseng (Korean Red Ginseng)900–1,800 mg Korean red ginseng daily

See the full protocol

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Studies cited

73 studies from PubMed

Tribulus terrestris for management of patients with erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.Int J Impot Res, 2026 · PMID 40360723
Yohimbine for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trialsJ Urol · PMID 9649257
Yohimbine treatment of organic erectile dysfunction in a dose-escalation trialInt J Impot Res · PMID 11896474
Effect of deer velvet on sexual function in men and their partners: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyArch Sex Behav · PMID 12807299
Effect of elk velvet antler supplementation on the hormonal response to acute and chronic exercise in male and female rowersInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · PMID 16286669
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Tribulus terrestris in male sexual dysfunction-A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialMaturitas · PMID 28364864
Dietary Supplements for Erectile Dysfunction: Analysis of Marketed Products, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Rational Use.Nutrients · PMID 37686709
Pilot Study on the Effect of Botanical Medicine (Tribulus terrestris) on Serum Testosterone Level and Erectile Function in Aging Males With Partial Androgen Deficiency (PADAM)J Sex Marital Ther · PMID 25849625
Tribulus terrestris versus placebo in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with late-onset hypogonadism: A placebo-controlled studyUrologia · PMID 30253697
Clinical evaluation of spermatogenic activity of processed Shilajit in oligospermiaAndrologia · PMID 20078516
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of saw palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptomsUrology · PMID 11744467
Improving BPH symptoms and sexual dysfunctions with a saw palmetto preparation? Results from a pilot trialPhytother Res · PMID 22522969
Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trialJAMA · PMID 21954478
Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasiaN Engl J Med · PMID 16467543
Observational database serenoa repens (DOSSER): overview, analysis and results. A multicentric SIUrO (Italian Society of Oncological Urology) projectArch Ital Urol Androl · PMID 23210402
Serenoa repens extract for benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized controlled trialBJU Int · PMID 12887481
Serenoa repens monotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): an updated Cochrane systematic reviewBJU Int · PMID 22551330
An open label, randomized, fixed-dose, crossover study comparing efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate and saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) for treating erectile dysfunction in men naïve to treatmentInt J Impot Res · PMID 20520621
Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) on sexual dysfunction among men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Avicenna J Phytomed · PMID 31516855
Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: a pilot studyPhytomedicine · PMID 19427775
A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on saffron (Crocus sativus) effectiveness and safety on erectile dysfunction and semen parameters.Avicenna J Phytomed · PMID 29881706
Effects of a Topical Saffron (Crocus sativus L) Gel on Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetics: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialJ Evid Based Complementary Altern Med · PMID 25948674
Saffron for treatment of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studyHum Psychopharmacol · PMID 23280545
Treatment of erectile dysfunction with pycnogenol and L-arginineJ Sex Marital Ther · PMID 12851125
Effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer saponins on male fertilityPanminerva Med · PMID 9063034
Effects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) extract on male patients with erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl · PMID 19234482
Study of the efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl · PMID 16855773
Clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunctionInt J Impot Res · PMID 8750052
A double-blind crossover study evaluating the efficacy of korean red ginseng in patients with erectile dysfunction: a preliminary reportJ Urol · PMID 12394711
Acute effects of nicotine on physiological and subjective sexual arousal in nonsmoking men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Sex Med · PMID 17971108
Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trialNeurology · PMID 22232050
The inhibitory effects of nicotine on physiological sexual arousal in nonsmoking women: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trialJ Sex Med · PMID 18331269
Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trialAndrologia · PMID 19260845
A pilot investigation into the effect of maca supplementation on physical activity and sexual desire in sportsmenJ Ethnopharmacol · PMID 19781622
Effect of Lepidium meyenii Walp. on Semen Parameters and Serum Hormone Levels in Healthy Adult Men: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot StudyEvid Based Complement Alternat Med · PMID 26421049
Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a root with aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties, on serum reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy menJ Endocrinol · PMID 12525260
Effect of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy menAndrologia · PMID 12472620
Beneficial effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on psychological symptoms and measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women are not related to estrogen or androgen contentMenopause · PMID 18784609
A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunctionHum Psychopharmacol · PMID 12404672
Short- and long-term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on sexual dysfunction in womenArch Sex Behav · PMID 18274887
Triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba in sexual dysfunction due to antidepressant drugsHum Psychopharmacol · PMID 15378664
Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunctionJ Sex Marital Ther · PMID 9611693
Physiological Aspects of Male Libido Enhanced by Standardized Trigonella foenum-graecum Extract and Mineral FormulationPhytother Res · PMID 21312304
A dose-response and meta-analysis of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on testosterone levels: perinatal prediction of randomized clinical trials.Exp Gerontol · PMID 33045358
Androgens and sexual function: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study of testosterone vs. dehydroepiandrosterone in men with sexual dysfunction and androgen deficiencyAging Male · PMID 19883295
Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on cognitive function and activities of daily living in older women with mild to moderate cognitive impairmentGeriatr Gerontol Int · PMID 20497239
Effect of acute DHEA administration on free testosterone in middle-aged and young men following high-intensity interval trainingEur J Appl Physiol · PMID 23417481
Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone vs androstenedione supplementation in menMed Sci Sports Exerc · PMID 10613429
L-Acetylcarnitine in dysthymic disorder in elderly patients: a double-blind, multicenter, controlled randomized study vs. fluoxetineEur Neuropsychopharmacol · PMID 23428336
Acetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPsychosom Med · PMID 29076953
Propionyl-L-carnitine, L-arginine and niacin in sexual medicine: a nutraceutical approach to erectile dysfunctionAndrologia · PMID 21966881
Combination effect of Pentoxifylline and L-carnitine on idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermiaIran J Reprod Med · PMID 25709639
Carnitine for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialFertil Steril · PMID 16600222
Safety and efficacy of clomiphene citrate and L-carnitine in idiopathic male infertility: a comparative studyUrol J · PMID 20845296
Oral carnitine supplementation increases sperm motility in asthenozoospermic men with normal sperm phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase levelsFertil Steril · PMID 15705374
Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trialJ Urol · PMID 14601569
Placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial on the use of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, or combined L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine in men with idiopathic asthenozoospermiaFertil Steril · PMID 16169400
Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trialFertil Steril · PMID 12568837
Does L-carnitine therapy add any extra benefit to standard inguinal varicocelectomy in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid damage or sperm quality factor indices: a randomized studyUrology · PMID 25260444
Cinnoxicam and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine treatment for idiopathic and varicocele-associated oligoasthenospermiaJ Androl · PMID 15292108
l-carnitine and l-acetylcarnitine supplementation for idiopathic male infertility.Reprod Fertil · PMID 35128424
Acetyl-L-carnitine plus propionyl-L-carnitine improve efficacy of sildenafil in treatment of erectile dysfunction after bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomyUrology · PMID 16286128
Carnitine versus androgen administration in the treatment of sexual dysfunction, depressed mood, and fatigue associated with male agingUrology · PMID 15072869
Preliminary observations on the use of propionyl-L-carnitine in combination with sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction and diabetesCurr Med Res Opin · PMID 15383186
The use of Butea superba (Roxb.) compared to sildenafil for treating erectile dysfunctionBJU Int · PMID 19624593
Clinical trial of Butea superba, an alternative herbal treatment for erectile dysfunctionAsian J Androl · PMID 12937809
Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal. Linn.) in the management of psychogenic erectile dysfunctionAyu · PMID 22529644
Comparative evaluation of the effects of Withania somnifera with pentoxifylline on the sperm parameters in idiopathic male infertility: A triple-blind randomised clinical trialAndrologia · PMID 29770466
Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Oligospermic Males: A Pilot StudyEvid Based Complement Alternat Med · PMID 24371462
Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile malesFertil Steril · PMID 19501822
Withania somnifera Improves Semen Quality in Stress-Related Male FertilityEvid Based Complement Alternat Med · PMID 19789214
Efficacy of Withania somnifera on seminal plasma metabolites of infertile males: a proton NMR study at 800 MHzJ Ethnopharmacol · PMID 23796876
Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trialJ Int Soc Sports Nutr · PMID 26609282

Evidence by supplement

Key findings

The Male Sexual Dysfunction (Erectile Dysfunction) protocol

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Studies cited

Related conditions